将日期范围转换为间隔描述

最近的项目中的一项要求是报告何时将完全消耗资源。除了用尽日历日期外，还要求我用英语形式显示剩余时间，例如“要走1年3个月”。

内置DATEDIFF功能

返回在指定开始日期和结束日期之间跨越的指定日期部分边界的计数...。

如果按原样使用，可能会产生误导性或令人困惑的结果。例如，使用YEAR间隔将显示1999-12-31（YYYY-MM-DD）和2000-01-01相隔一年，而常识会说这些日期仅相隔1天。相反，使用1999年12月31日和2010年12月31日之间的时间间隔为4018天，而大多数人会以“ 11年”作为更好的描述。

从天数开始，然后从中计算月份和年份，将容易出现and年和月份大小错误。

我想知道如何在各种SQL方言中实现它？输出示例包括：

create table TestData(
    FromDate date not null,
    ToDate date not null,
    ExpectedResult varchar(100) not null); -- exact formatting is unimportant

insert TestData (FromDate, ToDate, ExpectedResult)
values ('1999-12-31', '1999-12-31', '0 days'),
       ('1999-12-31', '2000-01-01', '1 day'),
       ('2000-01-01', '2000-02-01', '1 month'),
       ('2000-02-01', '2000-03-01', '1 month'),              -- month length not important
       ('2000-01-28', '2000-02-29', '1 month, 1 day'),       -- leap years to be accounted for
       ('2000-01-01', '2000-12-31', '11 months, 30 days'),
       ('2000-02-28', '2000-03-01', '2 days'),
       ('2001-02-28', '2001-03-01', '1 day'),                -- not a leap year
       ('2000-01-01', '2001-01-01', '1 year'),
       ('2000-01-01', '2011-01-01', '11 years'),
       ('9999-12-30', '9999-12-31', '1 day'),                -- catch overflow in date calculations
       ('1900-01-01', '9999-12-31', '8099 years 11 months 30 days');  -- min(date) to max(date)

我碰巧正在使用SQL Server 2008R2，但是我很想了解其他方言将如何处理此问题。

以下解决方案适用于SQL Server。该方法与Serg相似，因为查询仅使用DATEADD和DATEDIFF函数。但是，它不考虑负间隔（FromDate > ToDate），而是从总月差中得出年和月：

WITH
  MonthDiff AS
  (
    SELECT
      t.FromDate,
      t.ToDate,
      t.ExpectedResult,
      Months = x.Months - CASE WHEN DAY(t.FromDate) > DAY(t.ToDate) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
    FROM
      dbo.TestData AS t
      CROSS APPLY (SELECT DATEDIFF(MONTH, t.FromDate, t.ToDate)) AS x (Months)
  )
SELECT
  t.FromDate,
  t.ToDate,
  t.ExpectedResult,
  Result = ISNULL(NULLIF(ISNULL(x.Years  + CASE x.Years  WHEN '1' THEN ' year '  ELSE ' years '  END, '')
                       + ISNULL(x.Months + CASE x.Months WHEN '1' THEN ' month ' ELSE ' months ' END, '')
                       + ISNULL(x.Days   + CASE x.Days   WHEN '1' THEN ' day '   ELSE ' days '   END, ''), ''), '0 days')
FROM
  MonthDiff AS t
  CROSS APPLY
  (
    SELECT
      CAST(NULLIF(t.Months / 12, 0) AS varchar(10)),
      CAST(NULLIF(t.Months % 12, 0) AS varchar(10)),
      CAST(NULLIF(DATEDIFF(DAY, DATEADD(MONTH, t.Months, t.FromDate), t.ToDate), 0) AS varchar(10))
  ) AS x (Years, Months, Days)
;

输出：

FromDate    ToDate      ExpectedResult                 Result
----------  ----------  -----------------------------  -----------------------------
1999-12-31  1999-12-31  0 days                         0 days
1999-12-31  2000-01-01  1 day                          1 day 
2000-01-01  2000-02-01  1 month                        1 month 
2000-02-01  2000-03-01  1 month                        1 month 
2000-01-28  2000-02-29  1 month, 1 day                 1 month 1 day 
2000-01-01  2000-12-31  11 months, 30 days             11 months 30 days 
2000-02-28  2000-03-01  2 days                         2 days 
2001-02-28  2001-03-01  1 day                          1 day 
2000-01-01  2001-01-01  1 year                         1 year 
2000-01-01  2011-01-01  11 years                       11 years 
9999-12-30  9999-12-31  1 day                          1 day 
1900-01-01  9999-12-31  8099 years 11 months 30 days   8099 years 11 months 30 days 

此答案显示了使用SQL Server（2005+）CLR函数的实现。

-- Enable CLR (if necessary)
EXECUTE sys.sp_configure 
    @configname = 'clr enabled',
    @configvalue = 1;

RECONFIGURE;

组装与功能

CREATE ASSEMBLY DBA
AUTHORIZATION dbo
FROM 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
WITH PERMISSION_SET = SAFE;
GO
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.IntervalDescription
(
    @From date, 
    @To date
)
RETURNS nvarchar(100)
AS EXTERNAL NAME 
    DBA.UserDefinedFunctions.IntervalDescription;

用法

SELECT 
    TD.FromDate,
    TD.ToDate,
    TD.ExpectedResult, 
    IntervalDescription = dbo.IntervalDescription(TD.FromDate, TD.ToDate) 
FROM dbo.TestData AS TD;

结果

资源

_{我不是C＃程序员！}

using Microsoft.SqlServer.Server;
using System;
using System.Text;

public partial class UserDefinedFunctions
{
    [SqlFunction
        (
        DataAccess = DataAccessKind.None,
        SystemDataAccess = SystemDataAccessKind.None,
        IsDeterministic = true,
        IsPrecise = true,
        Name = "IntervalDescription"
        )
    ]
    [return: SqlFacet(IsFixedLength = false, IsNullable = false, MaxSize = 100)]
    public static string IntervalDescription(DateTime From, DateTime To)
    {
        var workDate = From;
        int years = To.Year - From.Year;
        int months = 0;
        int days = 0;

        if (years != 0)
        {
            if (From.Month > To.Month || (From.Month == To.Month && From.Day > To.Day))
            {
                years--;
            }
            workDate = workDate.AddYears(years);
        }

        while (workDate < To && (workDate.Year != DateTime.MaxValue.Year || workDate.Month != DateTime.MaxValue.Month))
        {
            if (workDate.AddMonths(1) <= To)
            {
                months++;
                workDate = workDate.AddMonths(1);
            }
            else
            {
                break;
            }
        }

        while (workDate < To)
        {
            days++;
            workDate = workDate.AddDays(1);
        }

        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);

        if (years > 0)
        {
            sb.Append(years);
            sb.Append(years == 1 ? " year" : " years");
            sb.Append((months > 0 || days > 0) ? ", " : string.Empty);
        }

        if (months > 0)
        {
            sb.Append(months);
            sb.Append(months == 1 ? " month" : " months");
            sb.Append(days > 0 ? ", " : string.Empty);
        }

        if (days > 0 || (years == 0 && months == 0))
        {
            sb.Append(days);
            sb.Append(days == 1 ? " day" : " days");
        }

        return
            sb.ToString();

    }
}

我的版本，在SQL Server 2008R2 SP2中实现。

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.ReadableInterval(
    @FromDate AS date,
    @ToDate AS date
)
RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN 
(
with YearStep as
(
    select
        max(n1.Number) as YearNumber
    from dbo.Numbers as n1
    where n1.Number <= DATEDIFF(YEAR, @FromDate, @ToDate)  -- see comment (A)
    and DATEADD(YEAR, n1.Number, @FromDate) <= @ToDate     -- see comment (B)
)
, MonthStep as
(
    select
        max(n2.Number) as MonthNumber
    from dbo.Numbers as n2
    cross apply YearStep as y1
    where n2.Number <= DATEDIFF(MONTH, DATEADD(YEAR, y1.YearNumber, @FromDate), @ToDate)
    and DATEADD(MONTH, n2.Number, DATEADD(YEAR, y1.YearNumber, @FromDate)) <= @ToDate
)
, DayStep as
(
    select
        DATEDIFF(day, DATEADD(MONTH, m1.MonthNumber, DATEADD(YEAR, y2.YearNumber, @FromDate)), @ToDate) as DayNumber
    from MonthStep as m1
    cross apply YearStep as y2
)
select
    y.YearNumber,
    m.MonthNumber,
    d.DayNumber
from YearStep as y
cross apply MonthStep as m
cross apply DayStep as d
)

使用给定的测试数据，结果是

select
    td.FromDate,
    td.ToDate,
    td.ExpectedResult,
    ri.YearNumber as Years,
    ri.MonthNumber as Months,
    ri.DayNumber as [Days]
from dbo.TestData as td
cross apply dbo.ReadableInterval(td.FromDate, td.ToDate) as ri;

FromDate   ToDate     ExpectedResult               Years Months Days
---------- ---------- ---------------------------- ----- ------ ----
1999-12-31 1999-12-31 0 days                           0      0    0
1999-12-31 2000-01-01 1 day                            0      0    1
2000-01-01 2000-02-01 1 month                          0      1    0
2000-02-01 2000-03-01 1 month                          0      1    0
2000-01-28 2000-02-29 1 month, 1 day                   0      1    1
2000-01-01 2000-12-31 11 months, 30 days               0     11   30
2000-02-28 2000-03-01 2 days                           0      0    2
2001-02-28 2001-03-01 1 day                            0      0    1
2000-01-01 2001-01-01 1 year                           1      0    0
2000-01-01 2011-01-01 11 years                        11      0    0
9999-12-30 9999-12-31 1 day                            0      0    1
1900-01-01 9999-12-31 8099 years 11 months 30 days  8099     11   30

说明

我的一般方法是从较早的日期开始，先是几年，然后是几个月，然后是几天。在每个粒度级别上，目标是在不超过结束日期的情况下尽可能地接近结束日期，然后在下一个较低级别继续。

我使用数字表来简化接近但不超过的计算。从此表中，DATEADD我可以找到之前最多的年/月/日ToDate-代码中的注释（B）。

由于我一直在寻找MAX号，并且我的Numbers表是基于它的，因此优化程序正在执行降序扫描，将值馈送到DATEADD。由于Numbers包含100,000行以上，因此导致日期溢出错误。DATEADD(YEAR, 100000, @FromDate)大于9999-12-31并引发错误。谓词（A）给出了Number值的上限，从该值开始向后扫描，避免了日期溢出。因此，查询计划遍历了非常大的日期范围的很少的行。

这种方法用于查找年月，除非我在第一个CTE中发现了很多年才提出了几个月的起点。DAYS是我的最低粒度，因此只需一个DATEDIFF就足够了。

可以扩展到更精细的粒度，如果需要，返回以小时，分钟和秒为单位的间隔。

PostgreSQL支持age开箱即用的功能：

select
  FromDate,
  ToDate,
  ExpectedResult,
  age(ToDate, FromDate)
from TestData;

这给出了期望的结果，给予或接受了一些其他时间值。

FromDate      ToDate        ExpectedResult                  age
----------    ----------    ----------------------------    --------------------------
1999-12-31    1999-12-31    0 days                          00:00:00
1999-12-31    2000-01-01    1 day                           1 day
2000-01-01    2000-02-01    1 month                         1 mon
2000-02-01    2000-03-01    1 month                         1 mon
2000-01-28    2000-02-29    1 month, 1 day                  1 mon 1 day
2000-01-01    2000-12-31    11 months, 30 days              11 mons 30 days
2000-02-28    2000-03-01    2 days                          2 days
2001-02-28    2001-03-01    1 day                           1 day
2000-01-01    2001-01-01    1 year                          1 year
2000-01-01    2011-01-01    11 years                        11 years
9999-12-30    9999-12-31    1 day                           1 day
1900-01-01    9999-12-31    8099 years 11 months 30 days    8099 years 11 mons 30 days

没有number表格或提示的版本。在迈克尔·格林的测试数据上得出相同的结果。它们在哪里数据不同 @FromDate > @ToDate。 ReadableInterval2返回与空相反的负值。

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.ReadableInterval2(
    @FromDate AS date,
    @ToDate AS date
)
RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN 
(with checkData as (
    select 
       fromDate = case when @FromDate > @ToDate then @ToDate else @FromDate end,
       toDate = case when @FromDate <= @ToDate then @ToDate else @FromDate end,
       k = case when @FromDate > @ToDate then -1 else 1 end
), MonthStep as (
    select k, FromDate, ToDate,
        YearNumber = x.months / 12,
        MonthNumber = x.months % 12
    from checkdata
    cross apply(
        select months = DATEDIFF(MONTH, FromDate, ToDate)
            - case when DAY(FromDate) > DAY(ToDate) then 1 else 0 end
        ) x
)
select YearNumber = k*YearNumber, 
      MonthNumber = k*MonthNumber,
      DayNumber = k*DATEDIFF(day, DATEADD(MONTH, MonthNumber, DATEADD(YEAR, YearNumber, FromDate)), ToDate) 
    from MonthStep 
)