为什么子选择中允许使用“非单组分组功能”，而不能单独使用？

为什么第一个查询不会失败并显示与第二个相同的错误：

with w as (select 1 product_id, 10 units from dual union all select 2, 5 from dual)
select sum(units) from (select product_id, sum(units) units from w);

/*
SUM(UNITS)
----------
        15 
*/

with w as (select 1 product_id, 10 units from dual union all select 2, 5 from dual)
select product_id, sum(units) units from w;

/*
Error starting at line 7 in command:
with w as (select 1 product_id, 10 units from dual union all select 2, 5 from dual)
select product_id, sum(units) units from w
Error at Command Line:8 Column:8
Error report:
SQL Error: ORA-00937: not a single-group group function
00937. 00000 -  "not a single-group group function"
*Cause:    
*Action:
*/

编辑：添加的版本信息：

select * from v$version;
/*
BANNER                                                                         
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production                        
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production                                           
CORE    11.2.0.3.0  Production                                                         
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production                                   
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production                 
*/

编辑：添加了非默认参数：

select name, value from v$parameter where isdefault = 'FALSE' order by name;
/*
NAME                              VALUE                                                                                                                             
--------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aq_tm_processes                   1                                                                                                                                 
archive_lag_target                3600                                                                                                                              
audit_file_dest                   /u01/app/oracle/admin/oracle/adump                                                                                                
audit_trail                       NONE                                                                                                                              
compatible                        11.2.0.3                                                                                                                          
control_file_record_keep_time     31                                                                                                                                
control_files                     /home/oracle/cfile/controlfile.dat, +DATA/oracle/controlfile/current.915.730988607, +FRA/oracle/controlfile/current.970.730988607 
core_dump_dest                    /u01/app/oracle/admin/oracle/cdump                                                                                                
db_block_size                     4096                                                                                                                              
db_create_file_dest               +DATA                                                                                                                             
db_domain                                                                                                                                                           
db_file_multiblock_read_count     1                                                                                                                                 
db_name                           oracle                                                                                                                            
db_recovery_file_dest             +FRA                                                                                                                              
db_recovery_file_dest_size        375809638400                                                                                                                      
diagnostic_dest                   /u01/app/oracle                                                                                                                   
dispatchers                       (PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=oracleXDB)                                                                                                
event                                                                                                                                                               
filesystemio_options              setall                                                                                                                            
global_names                      TRUE                                                                                                                              
job_queue_processes               10                                                                                                                                
log_archive_dest_1                                                                                                                                                  
log_archive_dest_10               LOCATION=USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST MANDATORY REOPEN=60                                                                            
log_checkpoint_timeout            30                                                                                                                                
memory_max_target                 36507222016                                                                                                                       
memory_target                     36507222016                                                                                                                       
nls_language                      ENGLISH                                                                                                                           
nls_length_semantics              BYTE                                                                                                                              
nls_territory                     UNITED KINGDOM                                                                                                                    
open_cursors                      300                                                                                                                               
pga_aggregate_target              0                                                                                                                                 
processes                         150                                                                                                                               
remote_login_passwordfile         EXCLUSIVE                                                                                                                         
sga_max_size                      32212254720                                                                                                                       
sga_target                        0                                                                                                                                 
shared_pool_size                  536870912                                                                                                                         
smtp_out_server                   mailout.redacted.com                                                                                                                   
streams_pool_size                 1073741824                                                                                                                        
undo_management                   AUTO                                                                                                                              
undo_retention                    900                                                                                                                               
undo_tablespace                   TS_UNDO                                                                                                                           

 41 rows selected
*/

我会说这是您的Oracle版本中的错误。

• 在11.1.0.7.0，9.2.0.7.0并且11.2.0.3.0：

  SQL> with w as (
    2  SELECT 1 product_id, 10 units FROM dual
    3  UNION ALL
    4  SELECT 2, 5 FROM dual)
    5  SELECT SUM(units) FROM (SELECT product_id, SUM(units) units FROM w);
  
  ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

子查询是绝对不合法。优化器可能会简化合并两个聚合查询的过程（如@ a1ex07所建议），但是由于查询在逻辑上不正确，因此无论如何都不应进行合并。

关于GROUP BYMOS中记录的错误行为，存在一些错误，但是我找不到一个看起来与此完全相同的错误。我发现的最接近的错误是错误8945974，其中存在一个错误的查询，GROUP BY正在使用10.2.0.3并修补数据库以10.2.0.4使其正确失败。

我怀疑查询优化器正在将转换应用于您的第一个查询，该转换从内联视图中消除了product_id，然后将内联视图合并到主查询中，执行如下：

with w as (select 1 product_id, 10 units from dual union all select 2, 5 from dual)
select sum(units) from w;

实际上，它然后可能会将其进一步转换为：

select sum(units) from (select 10 units from dual union all select 5 from dual);