移动数据库（备份，还原）后，我必须重新添加用户

我有时使用SQL Server Management Studio中的数据库备份和还原功能将数据库（SQL Express 2012）从开发计算机移至服务器，反之亦然。

每当执行此操作时，目标计算机上的应用程序都无法访问数据库，直到我从数据库用户（数据库，安全性，SQL Server Management Studio中的用户）删除它们使用的用户“ george”，并将其重新添加为安全性，登录名，地理/属性，用户映射下的所有者。

有一个更好的方法吗？似乎有点令人费解。

这是登录名和用户之间以及它们之间的相互关系的区别：

• 登录名-实例级主体，允许实体连接到SQL Server实例。从本质上讲，它们不授予对实例上数据库的任何访问权限。例外情况是具有sysadmin权限的登录名可以使用数据库，因为它们是sysadmin，但是由于sysadmin级权限。
• 用户-允许实体连接到SQL Server数据库的数据库级主体。用户通过SID与登录名关联，从而在两者之间建立关系，并允许登录名连接到实例，然后使用关联的用户连接到数据库。

在还原时使用SQL身份验证的登录名和数据库用户通常会发生的情况是，SIDS将不同步，从而破坏了关系。必须先修复此关系，然后才能使用该登录名连接到数据库，因为在SQL Server看来，这些主体不再连接。您可以使用以下SQL来解决此问题：

ALTER USER [foo] WITH LOGIN=[foo]

您可以在数据库的上下文中使用以下查询来检查孤儿：

select
    dp.name [user_name]
    ,dp.type_desc [user_type]
    ,isnull(sp.name,'Orhphaned!') [login_name]
    ,sp.type_desc [login_type]
from   
    sys.database_principals dp
    left join sys.server_principals sp on (dp.sid = sp.sid)
where
    dp.type in ('S','U','G')
    and dp.principal_id >4
order by sp.name

您可以考虑将数据库更改为包含的数据库。包含的数据库用户由数据库而不是通过登录的实例级别进行身份验证。它使将数据库移动到其他实例更加容易。

如果不是，则可以使用此Microsoft支持KB上提供的sp_help_revlogin脚本备份登录信息。并在新实例上执行输出脚本。

我使用下面的脚本来迁移/创建用户帐户和登录名。从已将数据库还原到的服务器上运行它，并提供原始服务器名称作为该过程的参数。

我从其他地方获得了该程序，对此我一无所获，但它工作正常。

USE [master]
GO
/****** Object:  StoredProcedure [dbo].[stp_Admin_ReplicateUserLogins]    Script Date: 10/29/2015 08:22:43 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO


ALTER Procedure [dbo].[stp_Admin_ReplicateUserLogins] --'OriginalSourceDatabase', 1
    @PartnerServer sysname,
    @Debug bit = 0 -- 0 = Create Users, 1 = Display SQL command but doesn't execute query.
As

Declare @MaxID int,
    @CurrID int,
    @SQL nvarchar(max),
    @LoginName sysname,
    @IsDisabled int,
    @Type char(1),
    @SID varbinary(85),
    @SIDString nvarchar(100),
    @PasswordHash varbinary(256),
    @PasswordHashString nvarchar(300),
    @RoleName sysname,
    @Machine sysname,
    @PermState nvarchar(60),
    @PermName sysname,
    @Class tinyint,
    @MajorID int,
    @ErrNumber int,
    @ErrSeverity int,
    @ErrState int,
    @ErrProcedure sysname,
    @ErrLine int,
    @ErrMsg nvarchar(2048)
Declare @Logins Table (LoginID int identity(1, 1) not null primary key,
                        [Name] sysname not null,
                        [SID] varbinary(85) not null,
                        IsDisabled int not null,
                        [Type] char(1) not null,
                        PasswordHash varbinary(256) null)
Declare @Roles Table (RoleID int identity(1, 1) not null primary key,
                    RoleName sysname not null,
                    LoginName sysname not null)
Declare @Perms Table (PermID int identity(1, 1) not null primary key,
                    LoginName sysname not null,
                    PermState nvarchar(60) not null,
                    PermName sysname not null,
                    Class tinyint not null,
                    ClassDesc nvarchar(60) not null,
                    MajorID int not null,
                    SubLoginName sysname null,
                    SubEndPointName sysname null)

Set NoCount On;

If CharIndex('\', @PartnerServer) > 0
  Begin
    Set @Machine = LEFT(@PartnerServer, CharIndex('\', @PartnerServer) - 1);
  End
Else
  Begin
    Set @Machine = @PartnerServer;
  End

-- Get all Windows logins from principal server
Set @SQL = 'Select P.name, P.sid, P.is_disabled, P.type, L.password_hash' + CHAR(10) +
        'From ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_principals P' + CHAR(10) +
        'Left Join ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.sql_logins L On L.principal_id = P.principal_id' + CHAR(10) +
        'Where P.type In (''U'', ''G'', ''S'')' + CHAR(10) +
        'And P.name <> ''sa''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And P.name Not Like ''##%''' + CHAR(10) +
        'and P.Name Not like ''NT SERVICE%''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And CharIndex(''' + @Machine + '\'', P.name) = 0;';

Insert Into @Logins (Name, SID, IsDisabled, Type, PasswordHash)
Exec sp_executesql @SQL;

-- Get all roles from principal server
Set @SQL = 'Select RoleP.name, LoginP.name' + CHAR(10) +
        'From ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_role_members RM' + CHAR(10) +
        'Inner Join ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_principals RoleP' +
        CHAR(10) + char(9) + 'On RoleP.principal_id = RM.role_principal_id' + CHAR(10) +
        'Inner Join ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_principals LoginP' +
        CHAR(10) + char(9) + 'On LoginP.principal_id = RM.member_principal_id' + CHAR(10) +
        'Where LoginP.type In (''U'', ''G'', ''S'')' + CHAR(10) +
        'And LoginP.name <> ''sa''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And LoginP.name Not Like ''##%''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And LoginP.name Not Like ''NT SERVICE%''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And RoleP.type = ''R''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And CharIndex(''' + @Machine + '\'', LoginP.name) = 0;';

Insert Into @Roles (RoleName, LoginName)
Exec sp_executesql @SQL;

-- Get all explicitly granted permissions
Set @SQL = 'Select P.name Collate database_default,' + CHAR(10) +
        '   SP.state_desc, SP.permission_name, SP.class, SP.class_desc, SP.major_id,' + CHAR(10) +
        '   SubP.name Collate database_default,' + CHAR(10) +
        '   SubEP.name Collate database_default' + CHAR(10) +
        'From ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_principals P' + CHAR(10) +
        'Inner Join ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_permissions SP' + CHAR(10) +
        CHAR(9) + 'On SP.grantee_principal_id = P.principal_id' + CHAR(10) +
        'Left Join ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.server_principals SubP' + CHAR(10) +
        CHAR(9) + 'On SubP.principal_id = SP.major_id And SP.class = 101' + CHAR(10) +
        'Left Join ' + QUOTENAME(@PartnerServer) + '.master.sys.endpoints SubEP' + CHAR(10) +
        CHAR(9) + 'On SubEP.endpoint_id = SP.major_id And SP.class = 105' + CHAR(10) +
        'Where P.type In (''U'', ''G'', ''S'')' + CHAR(10) +
        'And P.name <> ''sa''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And P.name Not Like ''##%''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And P.name Not Like ''NT SERVICE%''' + CHAR(10) +
        'And CharIndex(''' + @Machine + '\'', P.name) = 0;'

Insert Into @Perms (LoginName, PermState, PermName, Class, ClassDesc, MajorID, SubLoginName, SubEndPointName)
Exec sp_executesql @SQL;



Select @MaxID = Max(LoginID), @CurrID = 1
From @Logins;

While @CurrID <= @MaxID
  Begin
    Select @LoginName = Name,
        @IsDisabled = IsDisabled,
        @Type = [Type],
        @SID = [SID],
        @PasswordHash = PasswordHash
    From @Logins
    Where LoginID = @CurrID;

    If Not Exists (Select 1 From sys.server_principals
                Where name = @LoginName)
      Begin
        Set @SQL = 'Create Login ' + quotename(@LoginName)
        If @Type In ('U', 'G')
          Begin
            Set @SQL = @SQL + ' From Windows;'
          End
        Else
          Begin
            Set @PasswordHashString = '0x' +
                Cast('' As XML).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@PasswordHash"))', 'nvarchar(300)');

            Set @SQL = @SQL + ' With Password = ' + @PasswordHashString + ' HASHED, ';

            Set @SIDString = '0x' +
                Cast('' As XML).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@SID"))', 'nvarchar(100)');
            Set @SQL = @SQL + 'SID = ' + @SIDString + ';';
          End

        If @Debug = 0
          Begin
            Begin Try
                Exec sp_executesql @SQL;
            End Try
            Begin Catch
                Set @ErrNumber = ERROR_NUMBER();
                Set @ErrSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY();
                Set @ErrState = ERROR_STATE();
                Set @ErrProcedure = ERROR_PROCEDURE();
                Set @ErrLine = ERROR_LINE();
                Set @ErrMsg = ERROR_MESSAGE();
                RaisError(@ErrMsg, 1, 1);
            End Catch
          End
        Else
          Begin
            Print @SQL;
          End

        If @IsDisabled = 1
          Begin
            Set @SQL = 'Alter Login ' + quotename(@LoginName) + ' Disable;'
            If @Debug = 0
              Begin
                Begin Try
                    Exec sp_executesql @SQL;
                End Try
                Begin Catch
                    Set @ErrNumber = ERROR_NUMBER();
                    Set @ErrSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY();
                    Set @ErrState = ERROR_STATE();
                    Set @ErrProcedure = ERROR_PROCEDURE();
                    Set @ErrLine = ERROR_LINE();
                    Set @ErrMsg = ERROR_MESSAGE();
                    RaisError(@ErrMsg, 1, 1);
                End Catch
              End
            Else
              Begin
                Print @SQL;
              End
          End
        End
    Set @CurrID = @CurrID + 1;
  End

Select @MaxID = Max(RoleID), @CurrID = 1
From @Roles;

While @CurrID <= @MaxID
  Begin
    Select @LoginName = LoginName,
        @RoleName = RoleName
    From @Roles
    Where RoleID = @CurrID;

    If Not Exists (Select 1 From sys.server_role_members RM
                Inner Join sys.server_principals RoleP
                    On RoleP.principal_id = RM.role_principal_id
                Inner Join sys.server_principals LoginP
                    On LoginP.principal_id = RM.member_principal_id
                Where LoginP.type In ('U', 'G', 'S')
                And RoleP.type = 'R'
                And RoleP.name = @RoleName
                And LoginP.name = @LoginName)
      Begin
        If @Debug = 0
          Begin
            Exec sp_addsrvrolemember @rolename = @RoleName,
                            @loginame = @LoginName;
          End
        Else
          Begin
            Print 'Exec sp_addsrvrolemember @rolename = ''' + @RoleName + ''',';
            Print '     @loginame = ''' + @LoginName + ''';';
          End
      End

    Set @CurrID = @CurrID + 1;
  End

Select @MaxID = Max(PermID), @CurrID = 1
From @Perms;

While @CurrID <= @MaxID
  Begin
    Select @PermState = PermState,
        @PermName = PermName,
        @Class = Class,
        @LoginName = LoginName,
        @MajorID = MajorID,
        @SQL = PermState + space(1) + PermName + SPACE(1) +
            Case Class When 101 Then 'On Login::' + QUOTENAME(SubLoginName)
                    When 105 Then 'On ' + ClassDesc + '::' + QUOTENAME(SubEndPointName)
                    Else '' End +
            ' To ' + QUOTENAME(LoginName) + ';'
    From @Perms
    Where PermID = @CurrID;

    If Not Exists (Select 1 From sys.server_principals P
                Inner Join sys.server_permissions SP On SP.grantee_principal_id = P.principal_id
                Where SP.state_desc = @PermState
                And SP.permission_name = @PermName
                And SP.class = @Class
                And P.name = @LoginName
                And SP.major_id = @MajorID)
      Begin
        If @Debug = 0
          Begin
            Begin Try
                Exec sp_executesql @SQL;
            End Try
            Begin Catch
                Set @ErrNumber = ERROR_NUMBER();
                Set @ErrSeverity = ERROR_SEVERITY();
                Set @ErrState = ERROR_STATE();
                Set @ErrProcedure = ERROR_PROCEDURE();
                Set @ErrLine = ERROR_LINE();
                Set @ErrMsg = ERROR_MESSAGE();
                RaisError(@ErrMsg, 1, 1);
            End Catch
          End
        Else
          Begin
            Print @SQL;
          End
      End

    Set @CurrID = @CurrID + 1;
  End


Set NoCount Off;

这是对我有用的解决方案。它的作用是：

1. 列出孤立的用户： EXEC sp_change_users_login 'REPORT'
2. 修复用户： EXEC sp_change_users_login 'UPDATE_ONE','<userName>','<userName>'

您总是可以尝试将数据库中的所有用户重新链接到数据库服务器上名称相似的登录名。

ALTER 
    AUTHORIZATION
    ON 
        SCHEMA::db_owner
    TO 
        dbo
GO

DECLARE @username VARCHAR(64)
DECLARE @sql nvarchar(max)

DECLARE 
    UserCursor 
CURSOR FOR 
    SELECT 
        [name]
    FROM 
        sysusers
    WHERE 
        [name] NOT IN('dbo','guest','INFORMATION_SCHEMA','sys','public')
        AND 
        LEFT([name],3) <> 'db_' 
        AND 
        [name] NOT LIKE '%]%'

OPEN 
    UserCursor
FETCH NEXT 
FROM 
    UserCursor 
    INTO 
        @username
WHILE @@fetch_status <> -1
BEGIN
    SET @sql = 'ALTER USER [' + @username + '] WITH LOGIN=[' + @username + ']'
    PRINT @sql
    EXEC dbo.sp_executesql @sql;
    FETCH NEXT 
    FROM 
        UserCursor
        INTO 
            @username
END
CLOSE UserCursor
DEALLOCATE UserCursor

我认为值得一提解决海报问题的简单方法。这是我在SQL Server 2008上运行的脚本，当我将生产数据库从一台服务器还原到另一台服务器上的开发/测试数据库时，当“用户名”位于数据库的“安全性”>“用户”中时，'login name'却缺少该属性。常规选项卡：

EXEC sp_change_users_login 'Auto_Fix','missingloginnamehere', NULL, 'passwordgoeshere';

此处的 MSDN参考 请注意，本文建议使用ALTER USER代替SQL的较新版本。