确保时态数据库设计中唯一条目的正确方法是什么？

我在设计时态数据库时遇到了麻烦。我需要知道如何确保商店的给定时间范围内只有一条活动记录。我已经读过这个答案，但是恐怕我无法围绕触发器的工作原理来解决。特别是，我将如何触发现有的触发器，以防止对记录进行更新，而是插入一条新记录。我的真正问题是，当完成日期为null时，我不知道如何防止商店拥有多个生效日期。（即防止2条活动记录的商店）。

这就是我所拥有的，但是它允许我为具有不同生效日期的商店插入新记录。

表定义：

/****** Object:  Table [PCR].[Z_STORE_TEAM]    Script Date: 05/09/2014 13:05:57 ******/
IF  EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'[Z_STORE_TEAM]') AND type in (N'U'))
DROP TABLE [Z_STORE_TEAM]
GO

IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE object_id = OBJECT_ID(N'[Z_STORE_TEAM]') AND type in (N'U'))
BEGIN
CREATE TABLE [Z_STORE_TEAM](
    [STORENUM] [int] NOT NULL,
    [TEAM] [varchar](10) NULL,
    [EFFECTIVE] [date] NOT NULL,
    [FINISHED] [date] NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
    [STORENUM] ASC,
    [EFFECTIVE] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX  = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE  = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS  = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS  = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
END
GO

样本数据：

INSERT [Z_STORE_TEAM] ([STORENUM], [TEAM], [EFFECTIVE], [FINISHED]) VALUES (1, N'1', CAST(0x01380B00 AS Date), CAST(0x81380B00 AS Date))
INSERT [Z_STORE_TEAM] ([STORENUM], [TEAM], [EFFECTIVE], [FINISHED]) VALUES (1, N'2', CAST(0x81380B00 AS Date), NULL)
INSERT [Z_STORE_TEAM] ([STORENUM], [TEAM], [EFFECTIVE], [FINISHED]) VALUES (2, N'1', CAST(0x01380B00 AS Date), NULL)
INSERT [Z_STORE_TEAM] ([STORENUM], [TEAM], [EFFECTIVE], [FINISHED]) VALUES (2, N'2', CAST(0x20380B00 AS Date), NULL)

代替更新触发器：

CREATE TRIGGER [tr_ZStoreTeam_update] 
   ON  [Z_STORE_TEAM]
   INSTEAD OF UPDATE
AS 
BEGIN
    -- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
    -- interfering with SELECT statements.
    SET NOCOUNT ON;

    -- Insert statements for trigger here
    INSERT INTO PCR.Z_STORE_TEAM(STORENUM,TEAM,EFFECTIVE)
    SELECT I.STORENUM,I.TEAM,GETDATE() AS EFFECTIVE
    FROM inserted I
    INNER JOIN PCR.Z_STORE_TEAM ST
        ON I.STORENUM = ST.STORENUM

    UPDATE ST
    SET FINISHED = GETDATE()
    FROM PCR.Z_STORE_TEAM ST
    INNER JOIN inserted I
        ON ST.STORENUM = I.STORENUM
        AND ST.EFFECTIVE = I.EFFECTIVE
END

GO

— 橡皮鸭
source

最安全的方法是使用内置的参照完整性约束来强制执行业务规则，正如Alexander Kuznetsov在他的文章“存储时间间隔且无重叠”中所述。

将此处列出的技术应用于示例表将产生以下脚本：

CREATE TABLE [Z_STORE_TEAM](
    [STORENUM] [int] NOT NULL,
    [TEAM] [varchar](10) NULL,
    [EFFECTIVE] [date] NOT NULL,
    [FINISHED] [date] NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
    (
        [STORENUM] ASC,
        [EFFECTIVE] ASC
    )
) ON [PRIMARY];

INSERT [Z_STORE_TEAM] 
    ([STORENUM], [TEAM], [EFFECTIVE], [FINISHED]) 
VALUES 
    (1, N'1', CAST(0x01380B00 AS Date), CAST(0x81380B00 AS Date)),
    (1, N'2', CAST(0x81380B00 AS Date), NULL),
    (2, N'1', CAST(0x01380B00 AS Date), NULL);

修改内容：

-- New column to hold the previous finish date
ALTER TABLE dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM 
ADD PreviousFinished date NULL;
GO
-- Populate the previous finish date
UPDATE This
SET PreviousFinished = Previous.FINISHED
FROM dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM AS This
CROSS APPLY
(
    SELECT TOP (1) 
        Previous.FINISHED
    FROM dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM AS Previous
    WHERE 
        Previous.STORENUM = This.STORENUM
        AND Previous.FINISHED <= This.EFFECTIVE
    ORDER BY 
        Previous.FINISHED DESC
) AS Previous;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM 
ADD CONSTRAINT UQ_STORENUM_PreviousFinished
UNIQUE (STORENUM, PreviousFinished);
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM
ADD CONSTRAINT CK_PreviousFinished_NotAfter_Effective
CHECK (PreviousFinished = EFFECTIVE);
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM
ADD CONSTRAINT UQ_STORENUM_FINISHED
UNIQUE (STORENUM, FINISHED);
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_STORENUM_PreviousFinished
FOREIGN KEY (STORENUM, PreviousFinished)
REFERENCES dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM (STORENUM, FINISHED);
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.Z_STORE_TEAM
ADD CONSTRAINT CK_EFFECTIVE_Before_FINISHED
CHECK (EFFECTIVE < FINISHED);

现在，尝试插入样本数据的第四行失败，并显示一条错误消息：

INSERT [Z_STORE_TEAM] 
    ([STORENUM], [TEAM], [EFFECTIVE], [FINISHED]) 
VALUES 
    (2, N'2', '20140201', NULL);

错误信息

请阅读Alex的文章，以了解这些约束如何确保您的表数据始终有效。具有一组约束可以强制执行数据完整性，这意味着不需要触发代码。

同一作者的相关文章：

修改历史记录表中的连续时间段

— 保罗·怀特9
source