分页性能，可自定义排序数百万行

在我们的应用程序中，我们有一个网格，用户可以在该网格上翻阅大量记录（10-20百万）。网格支持在多列（20+）中以升序和降序排序。许多值也不是唯一的，因此该应用程序还按ID进行平局，以确保行始终出现在同一页面上。例如，如果用户要按小部件大小排序（从最大的开始），则应用程序将生成一个查询，看起来像这样：

SELECT TOP 30
    * -- (Pretend that there is a list of columns here)
FROM Test
--  WHERE widgetSize > 100
ORDER BY
    widgetSize DESC,
    id ASC

该查询需要大约15秒的时间来运行（使用缓存的数据），主要的花费似乎是根据widgetSize对130万行进行排序。为了调优该查询，我发现如果我添加一个WHERE仅限于最大的widgetSizes（在上面的查询中注释）的子句，查询仅需约800ms（所有前50,000个结果中的widget大小均大于100） 。

为什么没有WHERE子句的查询这么慢？我检查了widgetSize列上的统计信息，它们显示前739行的WidgetSize>506。由于仅需要30行，因此SQL Server不能使用此信息来推断它仅需要对具有窗口小部件大小的行进行排序哪个大？

我知道我可以通过在上添加索引来使此特定查询的执行更快widgetSize和id，但是该索引仅在此特定情况下有用，并且在（例如）用户反转排序方向时变得毫无用处。该表包含许多其他列，每个索引都很大（〜200mb），因此我真的负担不起为每种可能的排序顺序添加索引。

有什么方法可以使这些查询查询执行而无需为每个可能的排序顺序添加索引？（用户可以按20列以上的任意列进行排序）

以下脚本创建上表，并用一些代表性数据填充该表。该表比实际表要窄得多，但是仍然显示了我所看到的性能。在我的PC上，使用where子句的查询大约需要200毫秒，而没有where停顿的查询大约需要800毫秒。

警告：运行此脚本后生成的数据库大小约为2Gb。

CREATE TABLE Test
(
    id INT NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
    widgetSize INT NOT NULL
)

CREATE TABLE #Data
(
    widgetSize INT NOT NULL,
    recordCount INT NOT NULL
)

INSERT INTO #Data (widgetSize, recordCount)
VALUES
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    (19,267541),
    (18,208096),
    (17,174708),
    (16,156445),
    (15,153569),
    (14,73937),
    (13,73821),
    (12,310246),
    (11,231829),
    (10,179047),
    (9,145506),
    (8,133433),
    (7,108736),
    (6,73381),
    (5,84825),
    (4,86641),
    (3,86172),
    (2,87690),
    (1,148110),
    (0,7960761),
    (-1,861),
    (-2,365),
    (-3,356),
    (-4,578),
    (-5,293),
    (-6,310),
    (-7,414),
    (-8,748),
    (-9,113),
    (-10,782),
    (-11,705),
    (-12,711),
    (-13,915),
    (-14,539),
    (-15,70),
    (-16,21),
    (-17,40),
    (-18,56),
    (-19,52),
    (-20,34),
    (-21,46),
    (-22,20),
    (-23,10),
    (-24,24),
    (-25,44),
    (-26,18),
    (-27,13),
    (-28,4),
    (-29,3),
    (-30,6),
    (-31,2),
    (-58,1),
    (-59,13),
    (-60,2),
    (-61,2),
    (-64,1),
    (-70,1),
    (-97,1),
    (-145,1),
    (-234,1),
    (-239,2),
    (-240,2),
    (-272,2),
    (-273,1),
    (-274,1),
    (-276,4),
    (-1094,1),
    (-1096,1),
    (-1337,1),
    (-1341,1),
    (-3545,1),
    (-3547,1),
    (-10962,1),
    (-10964,1),
    (-255449,1),
    (-255470,1),
    (-365104,1),
    (-365105,1)

DECLARE c CURSOR FOR
SELECT widgetSize, recordCount FROM #Data
OPEN c

DECLARE @widgetSize INT
DECLARE @rowCount INT
FETCH NEXT FROM c INTO @widgetSize, @rowCount

WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0  
BEGIN  
    ;WITH cte AS
    (
        SELECT rowNumber = 1
        UNION ALL
        SELECT rowNumber + 1
        FROM cte
        WHERE rowNumber < @rowCount
    )
    INSERT INTO Test
    (
        widgetSize
    )
    SELECT
        @widgetSize
    FROM   cte 
    OPTION (MAXRECURSION 0)

    FETCH NEXT FROM c INTO @widgetSize, @rowCount
END   

CLOSE c  
DEALLOCATE c

DROP TABLE #Data

CREATE STATISTICS WidgetSize
ON Test (WidgetSize) WITH FULLSCAN

对于这种类型的问题，没有神奇的解决方案。为了避免潜在的昂贵排序，必须有一个可以提供所请求订单的索引（优化器必须选择使用该索引）。如果没有支持索引，最好的SQL Server本机可以做的就是WHERE在对结果集进行排序之前限制符合条件的行（基于子句）。如果没有WHERE子句，则意味着对表中的所有行进行排序。

我检查了widgetSize列上的统计信息，结果表明前739行的WidgetSize> 506

该语句中的“前739”行大概是指统计直方图中的第一个条目，按排序RANGE_HI_KEY。直方图建立在有序流上（使用排序）。没有信息保留有关这些行在表中的位置。即使在表扫描中首先遇到这些行，引擎也别无选择，只能完全完成扫描以确保它不会遇到排序更高的值。

由于仅需要30行，SQL Server能否不使用此信息来推断它仅需要对具有大部件尺寸的行进行排序？

若要查找最大的30行，SQL Server必须检查每一行（限定该WHERE子句的行）。SQL Server无法选择一个合格的“足够大”的任意“最小值”，即使这样做，如果没有适当的索引，它也无法找到这些行。

实际上，N <= 100的前N个排序确实使用了替换策略，其中仅将大于当前最小值的传入值放入排序缓冲区，但这与从表中读取行的开销相比是一个较小的优化。并传递给他们。

原则上，引擎可以将动态过滤器（基于排序缓冲区中当前的当前最小值）向下推送到表扫描中，以尽早限制行，但这未实现。要解决此问题，一个类似的想法涉及在的不同值上创建索引视图，widgetSize并与每个值匹配的行数为：

CREATE VIEW dbo.WidgetSizes
WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
SELECT
    T.widgetSize,
    NumRows = COUNT_BIG(*) 
FROM dbo.Test AS T
GROUP BY
    T.widgetSize;
GO
CREATE UNIQUE CLUSTERED INDEX CUQ_WidgetSizes_widgetSize
ON dbo.WidgetSizes (widgetSize);

widgetSize如果有相对不同的值（如样本数据），则此索引视图将比等效的非聚集索引小得多。然后，此信息可用于评估widgetSize要过滤的最小值，同时仍保证将至少找到30行。

第一页

对于30行的首页，实现如下所示：

DECLARE 
    @TopRows bigint = 30,
    @Minimum integer;

SELECT TOP (1)
    @Minimum = Filtered.widgetSize
FROM 
(
    SELECT * FROM 
    (
        SELECT
            WS.widgetSize,
            WS.NumRows,
            -- SQL Server 2012 or later
            SumNumRows = SUM(WS.NumRows) OVER (
                ORDER BY WS.widgetSize DESC)
        FROM dbo.WidgetSizes AS WS WITH (NOEXPAND)
    ) AS RunningTotal
    WHERE 
        RunningTotal.SumNumRows >= @TopRows
) AS Filtered
ORDER BY 
    Filtered.SumNumRows ASC;

SELECT TOP (@TopRows)
    T.id,
    T.widgetSize
FROM dbo.Test AS T
WHERE T.widgetSize >= @Minimum
ORDER BY
    T.widgetSize DESC,
    T.id ASC;

执行计划：

这显着改善了执行时间，而其余大部分成本则与表扫描和下推式过滤器有关。通过创建非群集的列存储索引（SQL Server 2012及更高版本），可以进一步提高性能：

CREATE NONCLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX 
    NCCI_Test_id_widgetSize 
ON dbo.Test (id, widgetSize);

在我的笔记本电脑上，对列存储索引执行批处理模式的扫描和筛选将执行时间从大约300ms减少到仅20ms：

下一页

第一页查询返回的最后一行具有widgetSize = 2903和id = 327：

查找接下来的30行（第2页）仅需要对上一个查询进行简单的修改：

DECLARE 
    @TopRows bigint = 30,
    @Minimum integer;

SELECT TOP (1)
    @Minimum = Filtered.widgetSize
FROM 
(
    SELECT * FROM 
    (
        SELECT
            WS.widgetSize,
            WS.NumRows,
            SumNumRows = SUM(WS.NumRows) OVER (
                ORDER BY WS.widgetSize DESC)
        FROM dbo.WidgetSizes AS WS WITH (NOEXPAND)
        WHERE
            -- Added
            WS.widgetSize < 2903
    ) AS RunningTotal
    WHERE 
        RunningTotal.SumNumRows >= @TopRows
) AS Filtered
ORDER BY 
    Filtered.SumNumRows ASC;

SELECT TOP (@TopRows)
    T.id,
    T.widgetSize
FROM dbo.Test AS T
WHERE 
    T.widgetSize >= @Minimum
    AND 
    (
        -- Added
        T.widgetSize < 2903
        OR (widgetSize = 2903 AND id > 327)
    )
ORDER BY
    T.widgetSize DESC,
    T.id ASC;

产生的结果与原始查询的明显扩展相同：

SELECT TOP 30
    * -- (Pretend that there is a list of columns here)
FROM Test
    WHERE widgetSize < 2903
    OR (widgetSize = 2903 AND id > 327)
ORDER BY
    widgetSize DESC,
    id ASC;

使用索引视图和非聚集列存储索引的查询在25ms内完成，而原始查询则超过2000ms。

传统索引解决方案

另外，如果您要创建（最小的，非覆盖性的）非聚集索引来支持最常见的排序请求，那么查询优化器很有可能会使用它们来满足TOP (30)查询。索引压缩可用于最小化这些其他索引的大小。

在您的位置，我会退后一步并质疑要求。您的方钉仅略微适合整个圆形。

考虑过滤和搜索，而不是排序和分页。对于后端更好，并为更好的为用户。没有人是真正经柱美孚排序和导航页312强搜寻有10万行的交互是一项如此好得多UX比喻。

您可以询问如何在数据库（列存储）中的任意条件上进行有效的搜索和过滤，但是大多数情况下，实现是从DB外部（Lucene，Sphinx等）简单地进行搜索。