人类接触的安全电流限制？

31

在什么意义下，通常认为“偶然”的人接触安全的电流是多少？

电压或安培数是否更“危险”（例如，高电压/低安培数与低电压/高安培数），还是仅考虑总电流？

safety

— 马克·哈里森
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1

这是一个开始。这是一个庞大的领域，并且有无数关于电气安全和人类接触的书籍。基本上，没有“休闲”联系。简而言之：电流致死，电压致痛。频率也很重要！

— AndrejaKo 2011年

3

It also varies from person to person. Someone with cardiac arrhythmia is much more susceptible to being driven into fibrillation then someone with a health heart.

— Connor Wolf

Related video: youtube.com/watch?v=8xONZcBJh5A

— JYelton

This is very complicated. It depends how much current flows near heart etc. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock

— Kamil

21

As rules of thumb, I've generally thought of myself as a 70 kΩ resistor to ground that feels pain at around 1 mA, which can be driven by 70 V or so. In my experience, the pain threshold is slightly above 48 V.

I can't say that I have any good medical science to back this up, but there are a few empirically obtained data points in that I'm not dead yet.

— pingswept
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Thanks, and don't feel obliged to gather any more data points on my account!

— Mark Harrison

6

That 70kOhm is very optimistic scenario (small surface contact).

— Kamil

1

If your hands are soaked in salt water 70V will be rather dangerous

— Dirk Bruere

31

Here is an article titled "A review of hazards associated with exposure to low voltages" which I used as a reference when answering a medical safety question (I design embedded hardware and firmware for medical devices which go through FDA approval).

Because the body has a minimum resistance of around 550 ohms, to get enough current to do damage a minimum theoretical voltage level of around 16.5 V_peak is required (corresponding to a current of 30 mA_peak, which can induce respiratory paralysis if conducted across the chest for several minutes of contact at this low voltage). Based on the cases studied by the author, the single lowest voltage reported to cause transdermal electrocution in an adult is 25 volts.

For less than one minute of contact, currents >40 mA are required to cause ventricular fibrillation, corresponding to a theoretical voltage of 27.5 V_peak. For less than one second exposure, >100 mA_peak and 55 V_peak are required. The author states that in all the cases he studied, there was no accidental electrocution from short-term exposures to voltages below 50 V_peak.

— tcrosley
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1

Good article. I would add that the discussed in your answer is a very much worst case analysis. Very large contact areas, thin/wet skin, long duration exposure, abrasions, etc. Skin resistance can change considerably in response to such situations. For instance the article lists dry unbroken to have resistance of 100k-2M ohms and that under 12V little to no skin resistance breakdown occurs. This meshes with my experience doing electrical work when younger, 50-75V was not noticeable work work on live (hand to hand contact) unless your hands were sweating a lot. 120V hurts though.

— Mark

1

What's the ring voltage on phone lines? 48v? Or is it 96v? Either way, it gives a nice sharp poke if a phone call happens to come in while you're working on live wiring... :-)

— Brian Knoblauch

@Brian -- ringing voltage is around 90v AC at 20 Hz

— tcrosley

3

In the US the ring is theoretically 90VAC at 20Hz, but i've seen it vary quite a lot, especially in rural areas I'd see 100-110V routinely. When ideal there is supposed to be -48VDC on the line, but again it can vary especially in rural areas where i worked. The ring voltage(90VAC) is imposed on the supervisory voltage (-48VDC) as well. When current is drawn the Tip goes down from ground and Ring rises, the current limit is roughly 20mA as a result of the system resistance. I've been zapped by ring pulses a couple times, it hurts but the current drops the voltage quickly.

— Mark

3

But 12 volts HAS killed volunteers when applied across the chest, despite there being medical expertise on hand in case problems occurred. Once conduction occurs the effective impedance can be very low.

— Russell McMahon

9

Voltage doesn't really matter, it's a requirement to get a certain voltage to pass through the skin, but voltage doesn't have any impact on "damage".

Current is what does damage.

I've heard tons of claims as to what will kill you. In EE school is was 60mA AC and ~100mA DC across your chest that would send your heart into fibrillation.

I've seen claims that < 10mA directly through your heart could do the same. Honestly both are probably correct. I don't know what a real electrical model of the body looks like, but I don't have a hard time believing that if there were 100mA running through my body from one hand to the other that only 10% would pass through my heart directly.

I've worked on live phone lines before (~58V DC with off hook) and that didn't pass through my skin initially. A half hour of being in the 105°F degree attic and sweaty hands later, it made my finger twitch and didn't feel good. On another occasion I was working on a phone line when someone dialed it... that sucked... the ring pulse is 120V AC (current limit though) and does not feel good at all.

It only takes a couple milliamps to seriously get your attention, 10+mA will lock up muscles, this is highly frequency-dependent though.

To get back to your point... greater than 100-200mA is when you'd expect to start to see flesh burning and things like that. But obviously from the heart discussion above, localized currents that are much smaller can be deadly.

I don't really know if there is a firm rule as to what's "safe". The current debate over the use of tasers, for example, would seem to indicate there isn't much conclusive evidence.

— Mark
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4

It's not current that kills, it's the fibrillation. The path the current takes through your body and the presence of vibrations that interfere with the heart are important. Saying "voltage doesn't matter; it's the current that kills" will only encourage people to look at the current rating of a power supply and think that somehow has something to do with the danger of it. Power supplies are almost always voltage supplies. They don't force a specific current. The amount of current that goes through your heart depends on your resistance and the supply's voltage.

— endolith

4

@endolith "It's not current that kills, it's the fibrillation." Considering that its current that causes the fibrillation i don't get what your point is. Thats like saying "It's not the lack of breathing that killed you, its the lack of O2 in your blood". I get what your saying on the voltage vs current issue, but honestly if someone is daft enough to look at a supply's current rating and grab on to it there isn't much you could say that would save them. Also, I don't often see a supply thats limited to currents below what i stated are dangerous that outputs enough V to pass through skin.

— Mark

1

@Mark Meaning that 1 mA of DC has a different effect from 1 mA of 60 Hz AC, which has a different effect from large spikes at 2 Hz that average out to 1 mA. There isn't a magical voltage that kills people, and there's not a magical current, either.

— endolith

3

Current won't pass through your body without voltage. I've worked with continuity test equipment capable of flowing massive amounts of current and could safely hold the anode and cathode in my hands, due to the low voltage. So, saying it's the current that kills you, is like saying "It's not the lack of breathing that killed you, its the lack of O2 in your blood." Without a difference in potential, you aren't going to get any current.

— bt2

1

@bt2 If you wanted to build a safe "shock" device. You don't do so by limiting the voltage because we can't account for wide fluctuations in body resistance. We'd build it with a high voltage and a current limit as limiting the current is how we can guarantee limiting possible damage. As mentioned there may be a frequency component in the mix as well, depending on what you want to achieve. I doubt it matters much in a hand-shake shock device, matters more in something like a tazer if you want to lock muscles.

— Mark

4

The HAM Radio Technician Class examination question provides this answer:

2010 Pool - Question T0A01

Category:   T0A - AC power circuits; hazardous voltages, fuses and
            circuit breakers, grounding, lightning protection,
            battery safety, electrical code compliance

Which is a commonly accepted value for the lowest
voltage that can cause a dangerous electric shock?

A   30 volts

— Mark Harrison
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