Answers:
查看齐纳二极管曲线。您会看到该器件在反向偏置时在齐纳电压下击穿并导通。当与电阻器一起使用时,该特性将在一定范围的输出电流上将输出电压固定为击穿电压,并且电压变化相对较小。它还将使输出稳定,以防输入电压发生变化。
严格来说,齐纳二极管是低压设备(最高约5V6)。较高电压的二极管具有不同的工作模式,称为雪崩二极管。不过,这两种类型通常都称为齐纳管。
,因此齐纳二极管只有40mA的电流通过。对于较低的负载电阻,通过负载的电流会增加,从齐纳二极管中带走电流,直到剩下的电流不足以进行调节正确地。示例中的50mA不是随机选择的;通常是指定齐纳电压的电流(特别是对于较旧的齐纳二极管)。更现代的齐纳二极管可以在远低于1mA的电流下工作。如果 小于100 电阻分压器 会拉 低于齐纳电压,齐纳将不再播放,并且 将降至5V以下。
到目前为止,用于负载调节。
线路调节功能可说明调节器对输入电压变化的反应。让我们以500为例负载,并将输入电压降低至9V。齐纳二极管仍将输出电压保持在5V,因此流过负载的电流仍为10mA,但通过R的电流为, and therefore the current through the zener 30mA. Again the input voltage can decrease to the point where the zener has too little current left to operate properly. The upper limit of the input voltage is determined by the maximum current allowed through zener and R.
This type of voltage regulation is very simple, but not very good. Line regulation is poor, which means that the output voltage will still vary a bit when the input voltage increases/decreases. Same with load regulation: output voltage will vary with varying loads. And compared to the maximum load there's a rather big loss in the zener, so it's not very efficient. A small integrated regulator like an LM78Lxx is always a better choice.