我正在寻找一种复制文件(二进制或文本)的好方法。我写了几个样本,每个人都在工作。但是我想听听经验丰富的程序员的意见。
我错过了很好的例子,并寻找一种与C ++兼容的方式。
ANSI C路
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio> // fopen, fclose, fread, fwrite, BUFSIZ
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main() {
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
// BUFSIZE default is 8192 bytes
// BUFSIZE of 1 means one chareter at time
// good values should fit to blocksize, like 1024 or 4096
// higher values reduce number of system calls
// size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
size_t size;
FILE* source = fopen("from.ogv", "rb");
FILE* dest = fopen("to.ogv", "wb");
// clean and more secure
// feof(FILE* stream) returns non-zero if the end of file indicator for stream is set
while (size = fread(buf, 1, BUFSIZ, source)) {
fwrite(buf, 1, size, dest);
}
fclose(source);
fclose(dest);
end = clock();
cout << "CLOCKS_PER_SEC " << CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME START " << start << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END " << end << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END - START " << end - start << "\n";
cout << "TIME(SEC) " << static_cast<double>(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
return 0;
}
POSIX-WAY(K&R在“ C编程语言”中使用此语言,更底层)
#include <iostream>
#include <fcntl.h> // open
#include <unistd.h> // read, write, close
#include <cstdio> // BUFSIZ
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main() {
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
// BUFSIZE defaults to 8192
// BUFSIZE of 1 means one chareter at time
// good values should fit to blocksize, like 1024 or 4096
// higher values reduce number of system calls
// size_t BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;
char buf[BUFSIZ];
size_t size;
int source = open("from.ogv", O_RDONLY, 0);
int dest = open("to.ogv", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT /*| O_TRUNC/**/, 0644);
while ((size = read(source, buf, BUFSIZ)) > 0) {
write(dest, buf, size);
}
close(source);
close(dest);
end = clock();
cout << "CLOCKS_PER_SEC " << CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME START " << start << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END " << end << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END - START " << end - start << "\n";
cout << "TIME(SEC) " << static_cast<double>(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
return 0;
}
KISS-C ++-流缓冲方式
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main() {
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
ifstream source("from.ogv", ios::binary);
ofstream dest("to.ogv", ios::binary);
dest << source.rdbuf();
source.close();
dest.close();
end = clock();
cout << "CLOCKS_PER_SEC " << CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME START " << start << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END " << end << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END - START " << end - start << "\n";
cout << "TIME(SEC) " << static_cast<double>(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
return 0;
}
COPY-ALGORITHM-C ++-WAY
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <ctime>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
using namespace std;
int main() {
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
ifstream source("from.ogv", ios::binary);
ofstream dest("to.ogv", ios::binary);
istreambuf_iterator<char> begin_source(source);
istreambuf_iterator<char> end_source;
ostreambuf_iterator<char> begin_dest(dest);
copy(begin_source, end_source, begin_dest);
source.close();
dest.close();
end = clock();
cout << "CLOCKS_PER_SEC " << CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME START " << start << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END " << end << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END - START " << end - start << "\n";
cout << "TIME(SEC) " << static_cast<double>(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
return 0;
}
OWN-BUFFER-C ++-WAY
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main() {
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
ifstream source("from.ogv", ios::binary);
ofstream dest("to.ogv", ios::binary);
// file size
source.seekg(0, ios::end);
ifstream::pos_type size = source.tellg();
source.seekg(0);
// allocate memory for buffer
char* buffer = new char[size];
// copy file
source.read(buffer, size);
dest.write(buffer, size);
// clean up
delete[] buffer;
source.close();
dest.close();
end = clock();
cout << "CLOCKS_PER_SEC " << CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME START " << start << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END " << end << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END - START " << end - start << "\n";
cout << "TIME(SEC) " << static_cast<double>(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
return 0;
}
LINUX-WAY //需要内核> = 2.6.33
#include <iostream>
#include <sys/sendfile.h> // sendfile
#include <fcntl.h> // open
#include <unistd.h> // close
#include <sys/stat.h> // fstat
#include <sys/types.h> // fstat
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main() {
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();
int source = open("from.ogv", O_RDONLY, 0);
int dest = open("to.ogv", O_WRONLY | O_CREAT /*| O_TRUNC/**/, 0644);
// struct required, rationale: function stat() exists also
struct stat stat_source;
fstat(source, &stat_source);
sendfile(dest, source, 0, stat_source.st_size);
close(source);
close(dest);
end = clock();
cout << "CLOCKS_PER_SEC " << CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME START " << start << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END " << end << "\n";
cout << "CPU-TIME END - START " << end - start << "\n";
cout << "TIME(SEC) " << static_cast<double>(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << "\n";
return 0;
}
环境
- GNU / LINUX(Archlinux)
- 内核3.3
- GLIBC-2.15,LIBSTDC ++ 4.7(GCC-LIBS),GCC 4.7,Coreutils 8.16
- 使用RUNLEVEL 3(多用户,网络,终端,无GUI)
- INTEL SSD-Postville 80 GB,最多可填充50%
- 复制270 MB的OGG视频文件
重现步骤
1. $ rm from.ogg
2. $ reboot # kernel and filesystem buffers are in regular
3. $ (time ./program) &>> report.txt # executes program, redirects output of program and append to file
4. $ sha256sum *.ogv # checksum
5. $ rm to.ogg # remove copy, but no sync, kernel and fileystem buffers are used
6. $ (time ./program) &>> report.txt # executes program, redirects output of program and append to file
结果(使用的CPU时间)
Program Description UNBUFFERED|BUFFERED
ANSI C (fread/frwite) 490,000|260,000
POSIX (K&R, read/write) 450,000|230,000
FSTREAM (KISS, Streambuffer) 500,000|270,000
FSTREAM (Algorithm, copy) 500,000|270,000
FSTREAM (OWN-BUFFER) 500,000|340,000
SENDFILE (native LINUX, sendfile) 410,000|200,000
文件大小不变。
sha256sum打印相同的结果。
该视频文件仍然可以播放。
问题
- 您想要哪种方法?
- 您知道更好的解决方案吗?
- 您在我的代码中看到任何错误吗?
您知道避免解决方案的原因吗?
FSTREAM(KISS,Streambuffer)
我真的很喜欢这个,因为它确实很简短。据我所知,运算符<<对于rdbuf()已重载,并且不进行任何转换。正确?
谢谢
更新1
我以这种方式更改了所有示例中的源,即在clock()的度量中包括文件描述符的打开和关闭。它们在源代码中没有其他重大变化。结果没有改变!我还花时间仔细检查了结果。
更新2
ANSI C示例已更改:while循环的条件不再调用feof(),而是将fread()移入了条件。看起来,该代码现在运行速度快了10,000个时钟。
测量已更改:以前的结果总是被缓冲,因为我对每个程序重复了旧命令行rm to.ogv && sync && time ./program几次。现在,我为每个程序重新启动系统。无缓冲的结果是新的,并不令人惊讶。无缓冲的结果并没有真正改变。
如果我不删除旧副本,程序的反应会有所不同。使用POSIX和SENDFILE 覆盖已缓冲的现有文件更快,而其他所有程序则更慢。截断或创建的选项可能对此行为有影响。但是,用相同的副本覆盖现有文件不是现实的用例。
使用cp执行复制需要0.44秒的未缓冲时间和0.30秒的缓冲时间。因此,cp比POSIX示例要慢一些。对我来说很好。
也许我还加样品及结果mmap()的,并copy_file()
从boost ::文件系统。
更新3
我也将其放在博客页面上并对其进行了扩展。包括splice(),这是Linux内核中的底层函数。也许还会有更多的Java示例。
http://www.ttyhoney.com/blog/?page_id=69
#include <copyfile.h> copyfile(const char *from, const char *to, copyfile_state_t state, copyfile_flags_t flags);
fstream
绝对是文件操作的一个不错的选择。