当启用C ++ 11时，我在一个小的C ++代码段中发现了有趣的性能下降：
#include <vector>
struct Item
{
int a;
int b;
};
int main()
{
const std::size_t num_items = 10000000;
std::vector<Item> container;
container.reserve(num_items);
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < num_items; ++i) {
container.push_back(Item());
}
return 0;
}使用g ++（GCC）4.8.2 20131219（预发行版）和C ++ 03，我得到：
milian:/tmp$ g++ -O3 main.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out
Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs):
35.206824 task-clock # 0.988 CPUs utilized ( +- 1.23% )
4 context-switches # 0.116 K/sec ( +- 4.38% )
0 cpu-migrations # 0.006 K/sec ( +- 66.67% )
849 page-faults # 0.024 M/sec ( +- 6.02% )
95,693,808 cycles # 2.718 GHz ( +- 1.14% ) [49.72%]
<not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend
<not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
95,282,359 instructions # 1.00 insns per cycle ( +- 0.65% ) [75.27%]
30,104,021 branches # 855.062 M/sec ( +- 0.87% ) [77.46%]
6,038 branch-misses # 0.02% of all branches ( +- 25.73% ) [75.53%]
0.035648729 seconds time elapsed ( +- 1.22% )另一方面，启用C ++ 11后，性能会大大降低：
milian:/tmp$ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 main.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out
Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs):
86.485313 task-clock # 0.994 CPUs utilized ( +- 0.50% )
9 context-switches # 0.104 K/sec ( +- 1.66% )
2 cpu-migrations # 0.017 K/sec ( +- 26.76% )
798 page-faults # 0.009 M/sec ( +- 8.54% )
237,982,690 cycles # 2.752 GHz ( +- 0.41% ) [51.32%]
<not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend
<not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
135,730,319 instructions # 0.57 insns per cycle ( +- 0.32% ) [75.77%]
30,880,156 branches # 357.057 M/sec ( +- 0.25% ) [75.76%]
4,188 branch-misses # 0.01% of all branches ( +- 7.59% ) [74.08%]
0.087016724 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.50% )有人可以解释吗？到目前为止，我的经验是，通过启用C ++ 11，尤其是STL，STL变得更快。感谢移动语义。
编辑：如建议，使用container.emplace_back();性能代替与C ++ 03版本。C ++ 03版本如何实现相同的目的push_back？
milian:/tmp$ g++ -std=c++11 -O3 main.cpp && perf stat -r 10 ./a.out
Performance counter stats for './a.out' (10 runs):
36.229348 task-clock # 0.988 CPUs utilized ( +- 0.81% )
4 context-switches # 0.116 K/sec ( +- 3.17% )
1 cpu-migrations # 0.017 K/sec ( +- 36.85% )
798 page-faults # 0.022 M/sec ( +- 8.54% )
94,488,818 cycles # 2.608 GHz ( +- 1.11% ) [50.44%]
<not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend
<not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
94,851,411 instructions # 1.00 insns per cycle ( +- 0.98% ) [75.22%]
30,468,562 branches # 840.991 M/sec ( +- 1.07% ) [76.71%]
2,723 branch-misses # 0.01% of all branches ( +- 9.84% ) [74.81%]
0.036678068 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.80% )
1
如果编译为汇编，则可以查看引擎盖下发生的情况。另请参见stackoverflow.com/questions/8021874/…–
—
齿轮
如果更改
—
齿轮2014年
push_back(Item())为emplace_back()C ++ 11版本会怎样？
参见上文，“修复”了回归。我仍然想知道为什么push_back在C ++ 03和C ++ 11之间会降低性能。
—
milianw 2014年
使用clang3.4时，C ++ 11版本更快，0.0 ++秒，而C ++ 98版本为0.058
—
Praetorian