以下是try/catch/finally在bash 中实现的脚本示例。
像该问题的其他答案一样，退出子流程后必须捕获异常。
示例脚本首先创建一个匿名fifo，该匿名fifo用于将字符串消息从a command exception或throw最接近的try块的末尾传递。在这里，消息从fifo中删除并放置在数组变量中。通过return和exit命令返回状态，并将其放置在其他变量中。要输入一个catch块，该状态不能为零。输入catch块的其他要求作为参数传递。如果catch到达块的末尾，则状态将设置为零。如果finally到达了块的末尾并且状态仍然不为零，那么将执行包含消息和状态的隐式抛出。该脚本要求调用trycatchfinally包含未处理的异常处理程序的函数。
该trycatchfinally命令的语法如下。
trycatchfinally [-cde] [-h ERR_handler] [-k] [-o debug_file] [-u unhandled_handler] [-v variable] fifo function
该-c选项将调用堆栈添加到异常消息中。
该-d选项启用调试输出。
该-e选项启用命令异常。
该-h选项允许用户替换自己的命令异常处理程序。
该-k选项将调用堆栈添加到调试输出。
该-o选项将替换默认的输出文件/dev/fd/2。
该-u选项允许用户替换他们自己的未处理异常处理程序。
该-v选项使用户可以选择通过使用Command Substitution来传递回值。
该fifo是FIFO文件名。
该函数作为子过程function调用trycatchfinally。
注意：cdko删除了选项以简化脚本。
该catch命令的语法如下。
catch [[-enoprt] list ...] ...
选项定义如下。第一个列表的值是状态。后续值是消息。如果消息多于列表，则其余消息将被忽略。
-e均值[[ $value == "$string" ]]（值必须与列表中的至少一个字符串匹配）
-n均值[[ $value != "$string" ]]（该值不能与列表中的任何字符串匹配）
-o均值[[ $value != $pattern ]]（该值不能与列表中的任何模式匹配）
-p均值[[ $value == $pattern ]]（该值具有匹配列表中的至少一个模式）
-r意味着[[ $value =~ $regex ]]（该值必须匹配列表中的至少一个扩展正则表达式）
-t意味着[[ ! $value =~ $regex ]]（该值不能匹配列表中的任何扩展正则表达式）
在try/catch/finally下面的脚本中给出。为了简化此答案的脚本，大多数错误检查已删除。这样可以将大小减少64％。在我的其他答案中可以找到此脚本的完整副本。
shopt -s expand_aliases
alias try='{ common.Try'
alias yrt='EchoExitStatus; common.yrT; }'
alias catch='{ while common.Catch'
alias hctac='common.hctaC; done; }'
alias finally='{ common.Finally'
alias yllanif='common.yllaniF; }'
DefaultErrHandler() {
echo "Orginal Status: $common_status"
echo "Exception Type: ERR"
}
exception() {
let "common_status = 10#$1"
shift
common_messages=()
for message in "$@"; do
common_messages+=("$message")
done
}
throw() {
local "message"
if [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; then
let "common_status = 10#$1"
shift
for message in "$@"; do
echo "$message" >"$common_fifo"
done
elif [[ ${#common_messages[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
for message in "${common_messages[@]}"; do
echo "$message" >"$common_fifo"
done
fi
chmod "0400" "$common_fifo"
exit "$common_status"
}
common.ErrHandler() {
common_status=$?
trap ERR
if [[ -w "$common_fifo" ]]; then
if [[ $common_options != *e* ]]; then
common_status="0"
return
fi
eval "${common_errHandler:-} \"${BASH_LINENO[0]}\" \"${BASH_SOURCE[1]}\" \"${FUNCNAME[1]}\" >$common_fifo <$common_fifo"
chmod "0400" "$common_fifo"
fi
if [[ common_trySubshell -eq BASH_SUBSHELL ]]; then
return
else
exit "$common_status"
fi
}
common.Try() {
common_status="0"
common_subshell="$common_trySubshell"
common_trySubshell="$BASH_SUBSHELL"
common_messages=()
}
common.yrT() {
local "status=$?"
if [[ common_status -ne 0 ]]; then
local "message=" "eof=TRY_CATCH_FINALLY_END_OF_MESSAGES_$RANDOM"
chmod "0600" "$common_fifo"
echo "$eof" >"$common_fifo"
common_messages=()
while read "message"; do
[[ $message != *$eof ]] || break
common_messages+=("$message")
done <"$common_fifo"
fi
common_trySubshell="$common_subshell"
}
common.Catch() {
[[ common_status -ne 0 ]] || return "1"
local "parameter" "pattern" "value"
local "toggle=true" "compare=p" "options=$-"
local -i "i=-1" "status=0"
set -f
for parameter in "$@"; do
if "$toggle"; then
toggle="false"
if [[ $parameter =~ ^-[notepr]$ ]]; then
compare="${parameter#-}"
continue
fi
fi
toggle="true"
while "true"; do
eval local "patterns=($parameter)"
if [[ ${#patterns[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
for pattern in "${patterns[@]}"; do
[[ i -lt ${#common_messages[@]} ]] || break
if [[ i -lt 0 ]]; then
value="$common_status"
else
value="${common_messages[i]}"
fi
case $compare in
[ne]) [[ ! $value == "$pattern" ]] || break 2;;
[op]) [[ ! $value == $pattern ]] || break 2;;
[tr]) [[ ! $value =~ $pattern ]] || break 2;;
esac
done
fi
if [[ $compare == [not] ]]; then
let "++i,1"
continue 2
else
status="1"
break 2
fi
done
if [[ $compare == [not] ]]; then
status="1"
break
else
let "++i,1"
fi
done
[[ $options == *f* ]] || set +f
return "$status"
}
common.hctaC() {
common_status="0"
}
common.Finally() {
:
}
common.yllaniF() {
[[ common_status -eq 0 ]] || throw
}
caught() {
[[ common_status -eq 0 ]] || return 1
}
EchoExitStatus() {
return "${1:-$?}"
}
EnableThrowOnError() {
[[ $common_options == *e* ]] || common_options+="e"
}
DisableThrowOnError() {
common_options="${common_options/e}"
}
GetStatus() {
echo "$common_status"
}
SetStatus() {
let "common_status = 10#$1"
}
GetMessage() {
echo "${common_messages[$1]}"
}
MessageCount() {
echo "${#common_messages[@]}"
}
CopyMessages() {
if [[ ${#common_messages} -gt 0 ]]; then
eval "$1=(\"\${common_messages[@]}\")"
else
eval "$1=()"
fi
}
common.GetOptions() {
local "opt"
let "OPTIND = 1"
let "OPTERR = 0"
while getopts ":cdeh:ko:u:v:" opt "$@"; do
case $opt in
e) [[ $common_options == *e* ]] || common_options+="e";;
h) common_errHandler="$OPTARG";;
u) common_unhandled="$OPTARG";;
v) common_command="$OPTARG";;
esac
done
shift "$((OPTIND - 1))"
common_fifo="$1"
shift
common_function="$1"
chmod "0600" "$common_fifo"
}
DefaultUnhandled() {
local -i "i"
echo "-------------------------------------------------"
echo "TryCatchFinally: Unhandeled exception occurred"
echo "Status: $(GetStatus)"
echo "Messages:"
for ((i=0; i<$(MessageCount); i++)); do
echo "$(GetMessage "$i")"
done
echo "-------------------------------------------------"
}
TryCatchFinally() {
local "common_errHandler=DefaultErrHandler"
local "common_unhandled=DefaultUnhandled"
local "common_options="
local "common_fifo="
local "common_function="
local "common_flags=$-"
local "common_trySubshell=-1"
local "common_subshell"
local "common_status=0"
local "common_command="
local "common_messages=()"
local "common_handler=$(trap -p ERR)"
[[ -n $common_handler ]] || common_handler="trap ERR"
common.GetOptions "$@"
shift "$((OPTIND + 1))"
[[ -z $common_command ]] || common_command+="=$"
common_command+='("$common_function" "$@")'
set -E
set +e
trap "common.ErrHandler" ERR
try
eval "$common_command"
yrt
catch; do
"$common_unhandled" >&2
hctac
[[ $common_flags == *E* ]] || set +E
[[ $common_flags != *e* ]] || set -e
[[ $common_flags != *f* || $- == *f* ]] || set -f
[[ $common_flags == *f* || $- != *f* ]] || set +f
eval "$common_handler"
}
下面是一个示例，假定上面的脚本存储在名为的文件中simple。该makefifo文件包含此答案中描述的脚本。假定命名的文件4444kkkkk不存在，因此导致发生异常。从ls 4444kkkkk命令输出的错误消息将被自动抑制，直到进入适当的catch块为止。
#!/bin/bash
#
if [[ $0 != ${BASH_SOURCE[0]} ]]; then
bash "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" "$@"
return
fi
source simple
source makefifo
MyFunction3() {
echo "entered MyFunction3" >&4
echo "This is from MyFunction3"
ls 4444kkkkk
echo "leaving MyFunction3" >&4
}
MyFunction2() {
echo "entered MyFunction2" >&4
value="$(MyFunction3)"
echo "leaving MyFunction2" >&4
}
MyFunction1() {
echo "entered MyFunction1" >&4
local "flag=false"
try
(
echo "start of try" >&4
MyFunction2
echo "end of try" >&4
)
yrt
catch "[1-3]" "*" "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"; do
echo 'start of catch "[1-3]" "*" "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"'
local -i "i"
echo "-------------------------------------------------"
echo "Status: $(GetStatus)"
echo "Messages:"
for ((i=0; i<$(MessageCount); i++)); do
echo "$(GetMessage "$i")"
done
echo "-------------------------------------------------"
break
echo 'end of catch "[1-3]" "*" "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"'
hctac >&4
catch "1 3 5" "*" -n "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"; do
echo 'start of catch "1 3 5" "*" -n "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"'
echo "-------------------------------------------------"
echo "Status: $(GetStatus)"
[[ $(MessageCount) -le 1 ]] || echo "$(GetMessage "1")"
echo "-------------------------------------------------"
break
echo 'end of catch "1 3 5" "*" -n "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"'
hctac >&4
catch; do
echo 'start of catch' >&4
echo "failure"
flag="true"
echo 'end of catch' >&4
hctac
finally
echo "in finally"
yllanif >&4
"$flag" || echo "success"
echo "leaving MyFunction1" >&4
} 2>&6
ErrHandler() {
echo "EOF"
DefaultErrHandler "$@"
echo "Function: $3"
while read; do
[[ $REPLY != *EOF ]] || break
echo "$REPLY"
done
}
set -u
echo "starting" >&2
MakeFIFO "6"
TryCatchFinally -e -h ErrHandler -o /dev/fd/4 -v result /dev/fd/6 MyFunction1 4>&2
echo "result=$result"
exec >&6-
上面的脚本已使用测试GNU bash, version 3.2.57(1)-release (x86_64-apple-darwin17)。运行此脚本的输出如下所示。
starting
entered MyFunction1
start of try
entered MyFunction2
entered MyFunction3
start of catch "[1-3]" "*" "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"
-------------------------------------------------
Status: 1
Messages:
Orginal Status: 1
Exception Type: ERR
Function: MyFunction3
ls: 4444kkkkk: No such file or directory
-------------------------------------------------
start of catch
end of catch
in finally
leaving MyFunction1
result=failure
throw可以通过将函数替换MyFunction3为下面显示的脚本来创建使用a的另一个示例。
MyFunction3() {
echo "entered MyFunction3" >&4
echo "This is from MyFunction3"
throw "3" "Orginal Status: 3" "Exception Type: throw"
echo "leaving MyFunction3" >&4
}
该throw命令的语法如下。如果没有参数，则使用状态和变量中存储的消息。
throw [status] [message ...]
执行修改后的脚本的输出如下所示。
starting
entered MyFunction1
start of try
entered MyFunction2
entered MyFunction3
start of catch "1 3 5" "*" -n "Exception\ Type:\ ERR"
-------------------------------------------------
Status: 3
Exception Type: throw
-------------------------------------------------
start of catch
end of catch
in finally
leaving MyFunction1
result=failure