获取通用字典指定值的多个键？

从.NET通用词典中很容易获得键的值：

Dictionary<int, string> greek = new Dictionary<int, string>();
greek.Add(1, "Alpha");
greek.Add(2, "Beta");
string secondGreek = greek[2];  // Beta

但是尝试获取给定值的键并不是那么简单，因为可能有多个键：

int[] betaKeys = greek.WhatDoIPutHere("Beta");  // expecting single 2

好的，这是多个双向版本：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;

class BiDictionary<TFirst, TSecond>
{
    IDictionary<TFirst, IList<TSecond>> firstToSecond = new Dictionary<TFirst, IList<TSecond>>();
    IDictionary<TSecond, IList<TFirst>> secondToFirst = new Dictionary<TSecond, IList<TFirst>>();

    private static IList<TFirst> EmptyFirstList = new TFirst[0];
    private static IList<TSecond> EmptySecondList = new TSecond[0];

    public void Add(TFirst first, TSecond second)
    {
        IList<TFirst> firsts;
        IList<TSecond> seconds;
        if (!firstToSecond.TryGetValue(first, out seconds))
        {
            seconds = new List<TSecond>();
            firstToSecond[first] = seconds;
        }
        if (!secondToFirst.TryGetValue(second, out firsts))
        {
            firsts = new List<TFirst>();
            secondToFirst[second] = firsts;
        }
        seconds.Add(second);
        firsts.Add(first);
    }

    // Note potential ambiguity using indexers (e.g. mapping from int to int)
    // Hence the methods as well...
    public IList<TSecond> this[TFirst first]
    {
        get { return GetByFirst(first); }
    }

    public IList<TFirst> this[TSecond second]
    {
        get { return GetBySecond(second); }
    }

    public IList<TSecond> GetByFirst(TFirst first)
    {
        IList<TSecond> list;
        if (!firstToSecond.TryGetValue(first, out list))
        {
            return EmptySecondList;
        }
        return new List<TSecond>(list); // Create a copy for sanity
    }

    public IList<TFirst> GetBySecond(TSecond second)
    {
        IList<TFirst> list;
        if (!secondToFirst.TryGetValue(second, out list))
        {
            return EmptyFirstList;
        }
        return new List<TFirst>(list); // Create a copy for sanity
    }
}

class Test
{
    static void Main()
    {
        BiDictionary<int, string> greek = new BiDictionary<int, string>();
        greek.Add(1, "Alpha");
        greek.Add(2, "Beta");
        greek.Add(5, "Beta");
        ShowEntries(greek, "Alpha");
        ShowEntries(greek, "Beta");
        ShowEntries(greek, "Gamma");
    }

    static void ShowEntries(BiDictionary<int, string> dict, string key)
    {
        IList<int> values = dict[key];
        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        foreach (int value in values)
        {
            if (builder.Length != 0)
            {
                builder.Append(", ");
            }
            builder.Append(value);
        }
        Console.WriteLine("{0}: [{1}]", key, builder);
    }
}

正如其他所有人所说，字典中从值到键之间没有映射。

我刚刚注意到您想从值映射到多个键-我在这里为单值版本保留此解决方案，但是接下来我将为多条目双向映射添加另一个答案。

这里采用的通常方法是拥有两个字典-一个字典一种方式映射，另一种映射。将它们封装在一个单独的类中，并计算出具有重复键或值（例如，引发异常，覆盖现有条目或忽略新条目）时要执行的操作。就个人而言，我可能会抛出异常-它使成功行为更易于定义。像这样：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class BiDictionary<TFirst, TSecond>
{
    IDictionary<TFirst, TSecond> firstToSecond = new Dictionary<TFirst, TSecond>();
    IDictionary<TSecond, TFirst> secondToFirst = new Dictionary<TSecond, TFirst>();

    public void Add(TFirst first, TSecond second)
    {
        if (firstToSecond.ContainsKey(first) ||
            secondToFirst.ContainsKey(second))
        {
            throw new ArgumentException("Duplicate first or second");
        }
        firstToSecond.Add(first, second);
        secondToFirst.Add(second, first);
    }

    public bool TryGetByFirst(TFirst first, out TSecond second)
    {
        return firstToSecond.TryGetValue(first, out second);
    }

    public bool TryGetBySecond(TSecond second, out TFirst first)
    {
        return secondToFirst.TryGetValue(second, out first);
    }
}

class Test
{
    static void Main()
    {
        BiDictionary<int, string> greek = new BiDictionary<int, string>();
        greek.Add(1, "Alpha");
        greek.Add(2, "Beta");
        int x;
        greek.TryGetBySecond("Beta", out x);
        Console.WriteLine(x);
    }
}

字典并不是真的像这样工作，因为虽然可以保证键的唯一性，但不能保证值的唯一性。因此，例如，如果您有

var greek = new Dictionary<int, string> { { 1, "Alpha" }, { 2, "Alpha" } };

您希望得到greek.WhatDoIPutHere("Alpha")什么？

因此，您不能期望将类似这样的内容纳入框架。您需要自己的方法来实现自己独特的用途-您是否要返回数组（或IEnumerable<T>）？如果有多个具有给定值的键，是否要引发异常？如果没有，那该怎么办？

就我个人而言，我将尽其所能，例如：

IEnumerable<TKey> KeysFromValue<TKey, TValue>(this Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TValue val)
{
    if (dict == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException("dict");
    }
    return dict.Keys.Where(k => dict[k] == val);
}

var keys = greek.KeysFromValue("Beta");
int exceptionIfNotExactlyOne = greek.KeysFromValue("Beta").Single();

在没有Linq的情况下，最简单的方法可能是遍历两个对：

int betaKey; 
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, string> pair in lookup)
{
    if (pair.Value == value)
    {
        betaKey = pair.Key; // Found
        break;
    }
}
betaKey = -1; // Not found

如果您有Linq，则可以通过以下方式轻松完成：

int betaKey = greek.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Value == "Beta").Key;

字典不保留值的哈希，仅保留键的哈希，因此使用值对字典进行任何搜索都将至少花费线性时间。最好的选择是简单地遍历字典中的元素并跟踪匹配的键或切换到不同的数据结构，也许维护两个字典映射键-> value和value-> List_of_keys。如果您选择后者，则将以存储空间换取查找速度。将@Cybis示例转换成这样的数据结构并不需要太多。

当我想要完整的双向词典（不仅是地图）时，我添加了缺少的功能以使其成为IDictionary兼容的类。这是基于具有唯一键值对的版本的。如果需要的话，这里是文件（大多数工作是通过XMLDoc进行的）：

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Common
{
    /// <summary>Represents a bidirectional collection of keys and values.</summary>
    /// <typeparam name="TFirst">The type of the keys in the dictionary</typeparam>
    /// <typeparam name="TSecond">The type of the values in the dictionary</typeparam>
    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisible(false)]
    [System.Diagnostics.DebuggerDisplay("Count = {Count}")]
    //[System.Diagnostics.DebuggerTypeProxy(typeof(System.Collections.Generic.Mscorlib_DictionaryDebugView<,>))]
    //[System.Reflection.DefaultMember("Item")]
    public class BiDictionary<TFirst, TSecond> : Dictionary<TFirst, TSecond>
    {
        IDictionary<TSecond, TFirst> _ValueKey = new Dictionary<TSecond, TFirst>();
        /// <summary> PropertyAccessor for Iterator over KeyValue-Relation </summary>
        public IDictionary<TFirst, TSecond> KeyValue => this;
        /// <summary> PropertyAccessor for Iterator over ValueKey-Relation </summary>
        public IDictionary<TSecond, TFirst> ValueKey => _ValueKey;

        #region Implemented members

        /// <Summary>Gets or sets the value associated with the specified key.</Summary>
        /// <param name="key">The key of the value to get or set.</param>
        /// <Returns>The value associated with the specified key. If the specified key is not found,
        ///      a get operation throws a <see cref="KeyNotFoundException"/>, and
        ///      a set operation creates a new element with the specified key.</Returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="key"/> is null.</exception>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.Collections.Generic.KeyNotFoundException">
        /// The property is retrieved and <paramref name="key"/> does not exist in the collection.</exception>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentException"> An element with the same key already
        /// exists in the <see cref="ValueKey"/> <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</exception>
        public new TSecond this[TFirst key]
        {
            get { return base[key]; }
            set { _ValueKey.Remove(base[key]); base[key] = value; _ValueKey.Add(value, key); }
        }

        /// <Summary>Gets or sets the key associated with the specified value.</Summary>
        /// <param name="val">The value of the key to get or set.</param>
        /// <Returns>The key associated with the specified value. If the specified value is not found,
        ///      a get operation throws a <see cref="KeyNotFoundException"/>, and
        ///      a set operation creates a new element with the specified value.</Returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="val"/> is null.</exception>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.Collections.Generic.KeyNotFoundException">
        /// The property is retrieved and <paramref name="val"/> does not exist in the collection.</exception>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentException"> An element with the same value already
        /// exists in the <see cref="KeyValue"/> <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</exception>
        public TFirst this[TSecond val]
        {
            get { return _ValueKey[val]; }
            set { base.Remove(_ValueKey[val]); _ValueKey[val] = value; base.Add(value, val); }
        }

        /// <Summary>Adds the specified key and value to the dictionary.</Summary>
        /// <param name="key">The key of the element to add.</param>
        /// <param name="value">The value of the element to add.</param>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="key"/> or <paramref name="value"/> is null.</exception>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentException">An element with the same key or value already exists in the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</exception>
        public new void Add(TFirst key, TSecond value) {
            base.Add(key, value);
            _ValueKey.Add(value, key);
        }

        /// <Summary>Removes all keys and values from the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</Summary>
        public new void Clear() { base.Clear(); _ValueKey.Clear(); }

        /// <Summary>Determines whether the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/> contains the specified
        ///      KeyValuePair.</Summary>
        /// <param name="item">The KeyValuePair to locate in the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</param>
        /// <Returns>true if the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/> contains an element with
        ///      the specified key which links to the specified value; otherwise, false.</Returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="item"/> is null.</exception>
        public bool Contains(KeyValuePair<TFirst, TSecond> item) => base.ContainsKey(item.Key) & _ValueKey.ContainsKey(item.Value);

        /// <Summary>Removes the specified KeyValuePair from the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</Summary>
        /// <param name="item">The KeyValuePair to remove.</param>
        /// <Returns>true if the KeyValuePair is successfully found and removed; otherwise, false. This
        ///      method returns false if <paramref name="item"/> is not found in the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</Returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="item"/> is null.</exception>
        public bool Remove(KeyValuePair<TFirst, TSecond> item) => base.Remove(item.Key) & _ValueKey.Remove(item.Value);

        /// <Summary>Removes the value with the specified key from the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</Summary>
        /// <param name="key">The key of the element to remove.</param>
        /// <Returns>true if the element is successfully found and removed; otherwise, false. This
        ///      method returns false if <paramref name="key"/> is not found in the <see cref="Dictionary&lt;TFirst,TSecond&gt;"/>.</Returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="key"/> is null.</exception>
        public new bool Remove(TFirst key) => _ValueKey.Remove(base[key]) & base.Remove(key);

        /// <Summary>Gets the key associated with the specified value.</Summary>
        /// <param name="value">The value of the key to get.</param>
        /// <param name="key">When this method returns, contains the key associated with the specified value,
        ///      if the value is found; otherwise, the default value for the type of the key parameter.
        ///      This parameter is passed uninitialized.</param>
        /// <Returns>true if <see cref="ValueKey"/> contains an element with the specified value; 
        ///      otherwise, false.</Returns>
        /// <exception cref="T:System.ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="value"/> is null.</exception>
        public bool TryGetValue(TSecond value, out TFirst key) => _ValueKey.TryGetValue(value, out key);
        #endregion
    }
}

修订：可以找到某种东西，您需要词典以外的其他东西，因为如果您考虑一下，词典是一种方法。也就是说，这些值可能不是唯一的

那表明您似乎正在使用c＃3.0，因此您可能不必求助于循环，可以使用类似以下内容的代码：

var key = (from k in yourDictionary where string.Compare(k.Value, "yourValue", true)  == 0 select k.Key).FirstOrDefault();

字典类并未针对这种情况进行优化，但是如果您真的想这样做（在C＃2.0中），则可以执行以下操作：

public List<TKey> GetKeysFromValue<TKey, TVal>(Dictionary<TKey, TVal> dict, TVal val)
{
   List<TKey> ks = new List<TKey>();
   foreach(TKey k in dict.Keys)
   {
      if (dict[k] == val) { ks.Add(k); }
   }
   return ks;
}

我更喜欢LINQ解决方案以保持优雅，但这是2.0方式。

您不能创建具有该功能的Dictionary的子类吗？

    public class MyDict < TKey, TValue > : Dictionary < TKey, TValue >
    {
        private Dictionary < TValue, TKey > _keys;

        public TValue this[TKey key]
        {
            get
            {
                return base[key];
            }
            set 
            { 
                base[key] = value;
                _keys[value] = key;
            }
        }

        public MyDict()
        {
            _keys = new Dictionary < TValue, TKey >();
        }

        public TKey GetKeyFromValue(TValue value)
        {
            return _keys[value];
        }
    }

编辑：对不起，第一次没有得到正确的代码。

这里提出的“简单”双向字典解决方案很复杂，可能难以理解，维护或扩展。同样，最初的问题要求“值的键”，但是显然可以有多个键（我已经编辑了该问题）。整个方法相当可疑。

软件变更。编写易于维护的代码应优先考虑其他“聪明”的复杂解决方法。从字典中的值取回键的方法是循环。字典并非设计为双向的。

使用LINQ进行反向Dictionary<K, V>查找。但是请记住，您的价值观中的Dictionary<K, V>价值观可能并不一致。

示范：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class ReverseDictionaryLookupDemo
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var dict = new Dictionary<int, string>();
        dict.Add(4, "Four");
        dict.Add(5, "Five");
        dict.Add(1, "One");
        dict.Add(11, "One"); // duplicate!
        dict.Add(3, "Three");
        dict.Add(2, "Two");
        dict.Add(44, "Four"); // duplicate!

        Console.WriteLine("\n== Enumerating Distinct Values ==");
        foreach (string value in dict.Values.Distinct())
        {
            string valueString =
                String.Join(", ", GetKeysFromValue(dict, value));

            Console.WriteLine("{0} => [{1}]", value, valueString);
        }
    }

    static List<int> GetKeysFromValue(Dictionary<int, string> dict, string value)
    {
        // Use LINQ to do a reverse dictionary lookup.
        // Returns a 'List<T>' to account for the possibility
        // of duplicate values.
        return
            (from item in dict
             where item.Value.Equals(value)
             select item.Key).ToList();
    }
}

预期产量：

== Enumerating Distinct Values ==
Four => [4, 44]
Five => [5]
One => [1, 11]
Three => [3]
Two => [2]

Dictionary<string, string> dic = new Dictionary<string, string>();
dic["A"] = "Ahmed";
dic["B"] = "Boys";

foreach (string mk in dic.Keys)
{
    if(dic[mk] == "Ahmed")
    {
        Console.WriteLine("The key that contains \"Ahmed\" is " + mk);
    }
}

假设已将答案与字典中的符号值相关联，这是已接受答案的一种变体（https://stackoverflow.com/a/255638/986160）。与（https://stackoverflow.com/a/255630/986160）类似，但更加优雅。新颖之处在于，可以将消费类用作枚举替代（但也适用于字符串），并且该字典实现IEnumerable。

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Collections;

namespace MyApp.Dictionaries
{

    class BiDictionary<TFirst, TSecond> : IEnumerable
    {
        IDictionary<TFirst, TSecond> firstToSecond = new Dictionary<TFirst, TSecond>();
        IDictionary<TSecond, TFirst> secondToFirst = new Dictionary<TSecond, TFirst>();

        public void Add(TFirst first, TSecond second)
        {
            firstToSecond.Add(first, second);
            secondToFirst.Add(second, first);
        }

        public TSecond this[TFirst first]
        {
            get { return GetByFirst(first); }
        }

        public TFirst this[TSecond second]
        {
            get { return GetBySecond(second); }
        }

        public TSecond GetByFirst(TFirst first)
        {
            return firstToSecond[first];
        }

        public TFirst GetBySecond(TSecond second)
        {
            return secondToFirst[second];
        }

        public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
        {
            return GetFirstEnumerator();
        }

        public IEnumerator GetFirstEnumerator()
        {
            return firstToSecond.GetEnumerator();
        }

        public IEnumerator GetSecondEnumerator()
        {
            return secondToFirst.GetEnumerator();
        }
    }
}

作为消费类，您可以

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace MyApp.Dictionaries
{
    class Greek
    {

        public static readonly string Alpha = "Alpha";
        public static readonly string Beta = "Beta";
        public static readonly string Gamma = "Gamma";
        public static readonly string Delta = "Delta";


        private static readonly BiDictionary<int, string> Dictionary = new BiDictionary<int, string>();


        static Greek() {
            Dictionary.Add(1, Alpha);
            Dictionary.Add(2, Beta);
            Dictionary.Add(3, Gamma);
            Dictionary.Add(4, Delta);
        }

        public static string getById(int id){
            return Dictionary.GetByFirst(id);
        }

        public static int getByValue(string value)
        {
            return Dictionary.GetBySecond(value);
        }

    }
}

然后外行的解决方案

可以编写与以下函数类似的函数来创建这样的字典：

    public Dictionary<TValue, TKey> Invert(Dictionary<TKey, TValue> dict) {
    Dictionary<TValue, TKey> ret = new Dictionary<TValue, TKey>();
    foreach (var kvp in dict) {ret[kvp.value] = kvp.key;} return ret; }