出现错误：部署到heroku时，必须至少安装一个postgresql-client- <version>软件包。

Question 1

sdilshod@sdilshod-Lenovo-B590:~/webapp/saturn$ heroku run rake db:migrate
Running `rake db:migrate` attached to terminal... up, run.6194
DEPRECATION WARNING: You have Rails 2.3-style plugins in    vendor/plugins! Support for these plugins will be removed in Rails 4.0.  Move them out and bundle them in your Gemfile, or fold them in to your app  as lib/myplugin/* and config/initializers/myplugin.rb. See the release  notes for more on this: http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/1/4/rails-3-2- 0-rc2-has-been-released. (called from <top (required)> at /app/Rakefile:7)
DEPRECATION WARNING: You have Rails 2.3-style plugins in  vendor/plugins! Support for these plugins will be removed in Rails 4.0.   Move them out and bundle them in your Gemfile, or fold them in to your app   as lib/myplugin/* and config/initializers/myplugin.rb. See the release   notes for more on this: http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/1/4/rails-3-2-  0-rc2-has-been-released. (called from <top (required)> at /app/Rakefile:7)
 Error: You must install at least one postgresql-client-<version> package.
 rake aborted!
 Error dumping database
 /app/vendor/bundle/ruby/1.9.1/gems/activerecord-   3.2.12/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake:415:in `block (3 levels)   in <top (required)>'
 /app/vendor/bundle/ruby/1.9.1/gems/activerecord- 3.2.12/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake:188:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
/app/vendor/bundle/ruby/1.9.1/gems/activerecord-3.2.12/lib/active_record/railties/databases.rake:182:in `block (2 levels) in <top (required)>'
Tasks: TOP => db:structure:dump
(See full trace by running task with --trace)

heroku pg：psql工作正常，但是当我迁移rake db：migrate时，它得到需要安装pg client的错误。我需要在哪里安装pg client？任何帮助

Question 2

在基于Debian的系统上，PostgreSQL-client-common提供了PostreSQL客户端程序，它们是的符号链接/usr/share/postgresql-common/pg_wrapper。

如果安装该软件包并尝试使用任何PostgreSQL客户端程序（如psql，pg_dump，pg_dumpall和pg_restore），而未安装特定于版本的二进制软件包（如postgresql-client-9.1），它将发出此错误：

您必须安装至少一个postgresql-client- <version>软件包

解决此问题的最简单方法是安装postgresql-client元软件包。它始终取决于基于Debian的系统上当前支持的PostgreSQL数据库客户端软件包，并且取决于postgresql-client-common

sudo apt-get install postgresql-client

Question 3

2020年3月30日更新

同意选择的答案，但是我发现在Ubuntu 18上安装postgresql-client-12稍微多一些。

sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install vim bash-completion wget
sudo apt -y upgrade
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add -
echo "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ `lsb_release -cs`-pgdg main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list
sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install postgresql-client-12

有关详细信息，请参见此参考。