用Java发送HTTP POST请求

让我们假设这个URL ...

http://www.example.com/page.php?id=10            

（此处的ID需要在POST请求中发送）

我想将其发送id = 10到服务器的page.php，该服务器在POST方法中接受它。

如何在Java中执行此操作？

我尝试了这个：

URL aaa = new URL("http://www.example.com/page.php");
URLConnection ccc = aaa.openConnection();

但是我仍然不知道如何通过POST发送

更新的答案：

由于原始答案中的某些类在Apache HTTP Components的较新版本中已弃用，因此，我将发布此更新。

顺便说一句，您可以在此处访问完整的文档以获取更多示例。

HttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://www.a-domain.com/foo/");

// Request parameters and other properties.
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(2);
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param-1", "12345"));
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param-2", "Hello!"));
httppost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, "UTF-8"));

//Execute and get the response.
HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

if (entity != null) {
    try (InputStream instream = entity.getContent()) {
        // do something useful
    }
}

原始答案：

我建议使用Apache HttpClient。它更快，更容易实现。

HttpPost post = new HttpPost("http://jakarata.apache.org/");
NameValuePair[] data = {
    new NameValuePair("user", "joe"),
    new NameValuePair("password", "bloggs")
};
post.setRequestBody(data);
// execute method and handle any error responses.
...
InputStream in = post.getResponseBodyAsStream();
// handle response.

有关更多信息，请检查以下URL：http : //hc.apache.org/

在原始Java中，发送POST请求很容易。以a开头URL，我们不需要将其转换为URLConnectionusing url.openConnection();。之后，我们需要将其强制转换为HttpURLConnection，以便我们可以访问其setRequestMethod()方法来设置方法。最后，我们说我们将通过连接发送数据。

URL url = new URL("https://www.example.com/login");
URLConnection con = url.openConnection();
HttpURLConnection http = (HttpURLConnection)con;
http.setRequestMethod("POST"); // PUT is another valid option
http.setDoOutput(true);

然后，我们需要声明要发送的内容：

发送一个简单的表格

来自http表单的普通POST具有定义明确的格式。我们需要将输入转换为以下格式：

Map<String,String> arguments = new HashMap<>();
arguments.put("username", "root");
arguments.put("password", "sjh76HSn!"); // This is a fake password obviously
StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner("&");
for(Map.Entry<String,String> entry : arguments.entrySet())
    sj.add(URLEncoder.encode(entry.getKey(), "UTF-8") + "=" 
         + URLEncoder.encode(entry.getValue(), "UTF-8"));
byte[] out = sj.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
int length = out.length;

然后，我们可以使用适当的标头将表单内容附加到http请求并将其发送。

http.setFixedLengthStreamingMode(length);
http.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8");
http.connect();
try(OutputStream os = http.getOutputStream()) {
    os.write(out);
}
// Do something with http.getInputStream()

发送JSON

我们也可以使用java发送json，这也很容易：

byte[] out = "{\"username\":\"root\",\"password\":\"password\"}" .getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
int length = out.length;

http.setFixedLengthStreamingMode(length);
http.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8");
http.connect();
try(OutputStream os = http.getOutputStream()) {
    os.write(out);
}
// Do something with http.getInputStream()

请记住，不同的服务器接受json的不同内容类型，请参阅此问题。

使用Java Post发送文件

由于格式更加复杂，发送文件被认为更具挑战性。我们也将增加对以字符串形式发送文件的支持，因为我们不想将文件完全缓冲到内存中。

为此，我们定义了一些辅助方法：

private void sendFile(OutputStream out, String name, InputStream in, String fileName) {
    String o = "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + URLEncoder.encode(name,"UTF-8") 
             + "\"; filename=\"" + URLEncoder.encode(filename,"UTF-8") + "\"\r\n\r\n";
    out.write(o.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
    for (int n = 0; n >= 0; n = in.read(buffer))
        out.write(buffer, 0, n);
    out.write("\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}

private void sendField(OutputStream out, String name, String field) {
    String o = "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" 
             + URLEncoder.encode(name,"UTF-8") + "\"\r\n\r\n";
    out.write(o.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    out.write(URLEncoder.encode(field,"UTF-8").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    out.write("\r\n".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}

然后，我们可以使用这些方法来创建多部分的发布请求，如下所示：

String boundary = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
byte[] boundaryBytes = 
           ("--" + boundary + "\r\n").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
byte[] finishBoundaryBytes = 
           ("--" + boundary + "--").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
http.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", 
           "multipart/form-data; charset=UTF-8; boundary=" + boundary);

// Enable streaming mode with default settings
http.setChunkedStreamingMode(0); 

// Send our fields:
try(OutputStream out = http.getOutputStream()) {
    // Send our header (thx Algoman)
    out.write(boundaryBytes);

    // Send our first field
    sendField(out, "username", "root");

    // Send a seperator
    out.write(boundaryBytes);

    // Send our second field
    sendField(out, "password", "toor");

    // Send another seperator
    out.write(boundaryBytes);

    // Send our file
    try(InputStream file = new FileInputStream("test.txt")) {
        sendFile(out, "identification", file, "text.txt");
    }

    // Finish the request
    out.write(finishBoundaryBytes);
}


// Do something with http.getInputStream()

String rawData = "id=10";
String type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
String encodedData = URLEncoder.encode( rawData, "UTF-8" ); 
URL u = new URL("http://www.example.com/page.php");
HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) u.openConnection();
conn.setDoOutput(true);
conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
conn.setRequestProperty( "Content-Type", type );
conn.setRequestProperty( "Content-Length", String.valueOf(encodedData.length()));
OutputStream os = conn.getOutputStream();
os.write(encodedData.getBytes());

第一个答案很好，但是我必须添加try / catch以避免Java编译器错误。
另外，我很难弄清楚如何HttpResponse使用Java库阅读。

这是更完整的代码：

/*
 * Create the POST request
 */
HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("http://example.com/");
// Request parameters and other properties.
List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("user", "Bob"));
try {
    httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, "UTF-8"));
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
    // writing error to Log
    e.printStackTrace();
}
/*
 * Execute the HTTP Request
 */
try {
    HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
    HttpEntity respEntity = response.getEntity();

    if (respEntity != null) {
        // EntityUtils to get the response content
        String content =  EntityUtils.toString(respEntity);
    }
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
    // writing exception to log
    e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
    // writing exception to log
    e.printStackTrace();
}

使用Apache HTTP组件的一种简单方法是

Request.Post("http://www.example.com/page.php")
            .bodyForm(Form.form().add("id", "10").build())
            .execute()
            .returnContent();

看看Fluent API

通过发布请求发送参数的最简单方法：

String postURL = "http://www.example.com/page.php";

HttpPost post = new HttpPost(postURL);

List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("id", "10"));

UrlEncodedFormEntity ent = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(params, "UTF-8");
post.setEntity(ent);

HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpResponse responsePOST = client.execute(post);

你做完了 现在您可以使用了responsePOST。以字符串形式获取响应内容：

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new  InputStreamReader(responsePOST.getEntity().getContent()), 2048);

if (responsePOST != null) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    String line;
    while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
        System.out.println(" line : " + line);
        sb.append(line);
    }
    String getResponseString = "";
    getResponseString = sb.toString();
//use server output getResponseString as string value.
}

调用HttpURLConnection.setRequestMethod("POST")，HttpURLConnection.setDoOutput(true);实际上只需要后者，因为POST成为默认方法。

我建议使用基于apache http api构建的http-request。

HttpRequest<String> httpRequest = HttpRequestBuilder.createPost("http://www.example.com/page.php", String.class)
.responseDeserializer(ResponseDeserializer.ignorableDeserializer()).build();

public void send(){
   String response = httpRequest.execute("id", "10").get();
}