计算数组中的反转

我正在设计一种算法来执行以下操作：给定数组A[1... n]，对于每个数组i < j，找到所有这样的反转对A[i] > A[j]。我正在使用合并排序并将数组A复制到数组B，然后比较两个数组，但是我很难看清如何使用它来查找反转数。任何提示或帮助将不胜感激。

所以这是Java中的O（n log n）解决方案。

long merge(int[] arr, int[] left, int[] right) {
    int i = 0, j = 0, count = 0;
    while (i < left.length || j < right.length) {
        if (i == left.length) {
            arr[i+j] = right[j];
            j++;
        } else if (j == right.length) {
            arr[i+j] = left[i];
            i++;
        } else if (left[i] <= right[j]) {
            arr[i+j] = left[i];
            i++;                
        } else {
            arr[i+j] = right[j];
            count += left.length-i;
            j++;
        }
    }
    return count;
}

long invCount(int[] arr) {
    if (arr.length < 2)
        return 0;

    int m = (arr.length + 1) / 2;
    int left[] = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 0, m);
    int right[] = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, m, arr.length);

    return invCount(left) + invCount(right) + merge(arr, left, right);
}

这几乎是正常的合并排序，整个魔术隐藏在合并功能中。请注意，在排序算法中，请移除反转。合并算法会计算已移除的反转次数（可能会说一个）。

删除反转的唯一时刻是算法从数组的右侧获取元素并将其合并到主数组中。通过此操作删除的反转数是要合并的左数组中剩余的元素数。:)

希望它能解释得足够。

我通过以下方法在O（n * log n）时间中找到了它。

1. 合并排序数组A并创建一个副本（数组B）

2. 取A [1]并通过二进制搜索找到其在排序数组B中的位置。此元素的反转次数将比其在B中的位置的索引号少一个，因为在A的第一个元素之后出现的每个较低的数字都将是一个反转。

   2a。累加计数器变量num_inversions的反转次数。

   2b。从数组A和数组B中的对应位置删除A [1]

3. 从步骤2重新运行，直到A中没有其他元素。

这是此算法的示例运行。原始数组A =（6、9、1、1、14、8、12、3、2）

1：合并排序并复制到数组B

B =（1、2、3、6、8、9、12、14）

2：取A [1]并进行二进制搜索以在数组B中找到它

A [1] = 6

B =（1，2，3，6，8，9，12，14）

6在数组B的第4位，因此存在3个反转。我们知道这是因为6在数组A中的第一个位置，因此，随后出现在数组A中的所有较低值元素的索引都将为j> i（因为在这种情况下，i为1）。

2.b：从数组A以及数组B中的对应位置删除A [1]（删除了粗体元素）。

A =（6，）=（9，1，14，8，8，12，3，2）

B =（1，2，3，6， 8，9，12，14）=（1，2，3，8，9，12，14）

3：在新的A和B阵列上从步骤2重新运行。

A [1] = 9

B =（1、2、3、8、9、12、14）

9现在位于数组B的第5个位置，因此有4个反转。我们知道这是因为9在数组A中的第一个位置，因此随后出现的任何较低值元素的索引都将为j> i（因为在这种情况下，i仍为1）。从数组A和数组B中的对应位置删除A [1]（删除了粗体元素）

A =（9）=（1、14、8、12、3、2）

B =（1、2、3、8、9，12，14）=（1，2，3，8，12，14）

一旦循环完成，继续执行此操作将为我们提供数组A的求反总数。

步骤1（合并排序）将花费O（n * log n）来执行。第2步将执行n次，并且每次执行将执行二进制搜索，该搜索将使O（log n）运行总计O（n * log n）。因此，总运行时间为O（n * log n）+ O（n * log n）= O（n * log n）。

谢谢你的帮助。在一张纸上写出样本数组确实有助于可视化该问题。

在Python中

# O(n log n)

def count_inversion(lst):
    return merge_count_inversion(lst)[1]

def merge_count_inversion(lst):
    if len(lst) <= 1:
        return lst, 0
    middle = int( len(lst) / 2 )
    left, a = merge_count_inversion(lst[:middle])
    right, b = merge_count_inversion(lst[middle:])
    result, c = merge_count_split_inversion(left, right)
    return result, (a + b + c)

def merge_count_split_inversion(left, right):
    result = []
    count = 0
    i, j = 0, 0
    left_len = len(left)
    while i < left_len and j < len(right):
        if left[i] <= right[j]:
            result.append(left[i])
            i += 1
        else:
            result.append(right[j])
            count += left_len - i
            j += 1
    result += left[i:]
    result += right[j:]
    return result, count        


#test code
input_array_1 = []  #0
input_array_2 = [1] #0
input_array_3 = [1, 5]  #0
input_array_4 = [4, 1] #1
input_array_5 = [4, 1, 2, 3, 9] #3
input_array_6 = [4, 1, 3, 2, 9, 5]  #5
input_array_7 = [4, 1, 3, 2, 9, 1]  #8

print count_inversion(input_array_1)
print count_inversion(input_array_2)
print count_inversion(input_array_3)
print count_inversion(input_array_4)
print count_inversion(input_array_5)
print count_inversion(input_array_6)
print count_inversion(input_array_7)

我想知道为什么还没有人提到二进制索引树。您可以使用一个来维护排列元素的值的前缀和。然后，您可以从右向左进行操作，并为每个元素计算比右边小的元素数量：

def count_inversions(a):
  res = 0
  counts = [0]*(len(a)+1)
  rank = { v : i+1 for i, v in enumerate(sorted(a)) }
  for x in reversed(a):
    i = rank[x] - 1
    while i:
      res += counts[i]
      i -= i & -i
    i = rank[x]
    while i <= len(a):
      counts[i] += 1
      i += i & -i
  return res

复杂度为O（n log n），常数因子非常低。

实际上，我有一个与此作业类似的问题。我被限制为它必须具有O（nlogn）效率。

我使用了您提出的使用Mergesort的想法，因为它已经具有正确的效率。我只是在合并函数中插入了一些代码，基本上是这样的：每当将右侧数组中的数字添加到输出数组时，我都会将求反的总数与左侧数组中剩余的数字相加。

现在，我已经考虑了很多，所以这对我来说很有意义。您数了多少之后有多少个数字。

hth。

这个答案的主要目的是比较此处找到的各种Python版本的速度，但是我也有自己的一些贡献。（FWIW，我只是在执行重复搜索时发现了这个问题）。

CPython中实现的算法的相对执行速度可能与对算法的简单分析以及其他语言的经验所期望的相对速度不同。那是因为Python提供了许多用C语言实现的强大功能和方法，它们可以以完全编译的语言接近列表和其他集合的速度进行操作，因此这些操作的运行速度远快于用Python“手动”实现的等效算法。码。

利用这些工具的代码通常可以胜过理论上优越的算法，这些算法试图对集合的各个项目执行Python操作。当然，正在处理的实际数据量也会对此产生影响。但是对于少量的数据，使用以C速度运行的O（n²）算法的代码可以轻松击败O（n log n）算法，该算法通过单独的Python操作来完成大部分工作。

针对此反算计数问题的许多已发布答案均使用基于mergesort的算法。从理论上讲，这是一个好方法，除非数组的大小很小。但是Python内置的TimSort（混合合并稳定排序算法，从合并排序和插入排序派生而来）以C速度运行，用Python手工编码的mergesort无法希望与它竞争速度。

在Niklas B发表的答案中，这里最有趣的解决方案之一是使用内置排序来确定数组项的排名，并使用Binary Indexed Tree（又名Fenwick树）来存储计算求逆所需的累积和。计数。在尝试理解此数据结构和Niklas的算法的过程中，我编写了一些自己的变体（在下面发布）。但是我还发现，对于中等大小的列表，使用Python的内置函数实际上比漂亮的Fenwick树要快sum。

def count_inversions(a):
    total = 0
    counts = [0] * len(a)
    rank = {v: i for i, v in enumerate(sorted(a))}
    for u in reversed(a):
        i = rank[u]
        total += sum(counts[:i])
        counts[i] += 1
    return total

最终，当列表大小达到500左右时，sum在该for循环内进行调用的O（n²）方面抬起了丑陋的头，性能开始下降。

Mergesort并不是唯一的O（nlogn）排序，并且可以使用其他几种来进行倒数计数。prasadvk的答案使用二叉树排序，但是他的代码似乎是C ++或其派生代码之一。因此，我添加了一个Python版本。我最初使用类来实现树节点，但是发现字典显着更快。我最终使用了list，它的速度更快，尽管它确实使代码的可读性降低了。

treesort的一个好处是，与mergesort相比，迭代实现要容易得多。Python不会优化递归，它具有递归深度限制（尽管如果您确实需要它可以增加）。当然，Python函数调用相对较慢，因此在尝试优化速度时，在可行的情况下最好避免函数调用。

另一种O（nlogn）排序是古老的基数排序。最大的优点是它不会相互比较密钥。它的缺点是，它最适合连续的整数序列，理想情况下，range(b**m)其中where 的整数排列b通常为2。在尝试读取Counting Inversions，Offline Orthogonal Range Counting和相关问题之后，我添加了一些基于基数排序的版本，这是与计算排列中“反转”的数量有关。

为了有效地使用基数排序来计算seq长度为n 的一般序列的倒数，我们可以创建一个range(n)与相同的倒数的排列seq。我们可以通过TimSort在（最坏的）O（nlogn）时间中做到这一点。技巧是seq通过排序来置换的索引seq。用一个小例子更容易解释这一点。

seq = [15, 14, 11, 12, 10, 13]
b = [t[::-1] for t in enumerate(seq)]
print(b)
b.sort()
print(b)

输出

[(15, 0), (14, 1), (11, 2), (12, 3), (10, 4), (13, 5)]
[(10, 4), (11, 2), (12, 3), (13, 5), (14, 1), (15, 0)]

通过对（值，索引）对进行排序，seq我们对的索引进行seq了置换，置换次数seq与从其排序顺序到其原始顺序所需的交换次数相同。我们可以通过range(n)使用适当的键函数进行排序来创建该排列：

print(sorted(range(len(seq)), key=lambda k: seq[k]))

输出

[4, 2, 3, 5, 1, 0]

我们可以lambda使用seq的.__getitem__方法来避免这种情况：

sorted(range(len(seq)), key=seq.__getitem__)

这只是稍快一点​​，但是我们正在寻找所有可以获得的速度增强。;）

下面的代码timeit对本页上所有现有的Python算法进行测试，以及我自己的一些测试：几个暴力O（n²）版本，Niklas B算法的一些变体，当然还有一个基于mergesort的算法（我写的没有参考现有答案）。它也有我的基于列表的树排序代码，大致是从prasadvk的代码派生而来的，还有基于基数排序的各种功能，其中一些使用与mergesort方法类似的策略，而某些则使用sumFenwick树。

该程序在一系列随机整数列表上测量每个函数的执行时间；它还可以验证每个函数给出的结果与其他函数相同，并且不修改输入列表。

每个timeit调用都给出一个包含3个结果的向量，我将对其进行排序。此处要看的主要值是最小值，其他值仅表示该最小值的可靠程度，如模块docs中的注释中所述timeit。

不幸的是，该程序的输出太大而无法包含在此答案中，因此我将其发布在其自己的（社区Wiki）答案中。

输出是在我的古老32位单核2GHz机器上运行3的结果，该机器在旧的Debian衍生发行版上运行Python 3.6.0。YMMV。在测试期间，我关闭了Web浏览器并断开与路由器的连接，以最大程度地减少其他任务对CPU的影响。

第一次运行将测试列表大小为5至320，循环大小为4096至64的所有功能（当列表大小加倍时，循环大小将减半）。用于构造每个列表的随机池是列表本身大小的一半，因此我们很可能会得到很多重复项。一些反转计数算法比其他算法对重复更加敏感。

第二次运行使用较大的列表：640到10240，固定循环大小为8。为节省时间，它消除了测试中一些最慢的功能。我的蛮力O（N²）函数只是方式太慢这些尺寸，并且正如前面提到的，我的代码使用sum，它这样做很好的小到中等名单，只是不能跟上的大名单。

最终运行的列表大小从20480到655360，固定循环大小为4，具有8个最快的功能。对于小于40,000左右的列表大小，Tim Babych的代码无疑是赢家。蒂姆干得好！Niklas B的代码也很不错，尽管它在较小的列表中被击败。基于二等节的“ python”代码也表现不错，尽管在包含大量重复项的巨大列表中显得有些慢，这可能是由于while它使用了线性循环来避免重复。

但是，对于非常大的列表大小，基于二等分的算法无法与真正的O（nlogn）算法竞争。

#!/usr/bin/env python3

''' Test speeds of various ways of counting inversions in a list

    The inversion count is a measure of how sorted an array is.
    A pair of items in a are inverted if i < j but a[j] > a[i]

    See /programming/337664/counting-inversions-in-an-array

    This program contains code by the following authors:
    mkso
    Niklas B
    B. M.
    Tim Babych
    python
    Zhe Hu
    prasadvk
    noman pouigt
    PM 2Ring

    Timing and verification code by PM 2Ring
    Collated 2017.12.16
    Updated 2017.12.21
'''

from timeit import Timer
from random import seed, randrange
from bisect import bisect, insort_left

seed('A random seed string')

# Merge sort version by mkso
def count_inversion_mkso(lst):
    return merge_count_inversion(lst)[1]

def merge_count_inversion(lst):
    if len(lst) <= 1:
        return lst, 0
    middle = len(lst) // 2
    left, a = merge_count_inversion(lst[:middle])
    right, b = merge_count_inversion(lst[middle:])
    result, c = merge_count_split_inversion(left, right)
    return result, (a + b + c)

def merge_count_split_inversion(left, right):
    result = []
    count = 0
    i, j = 0, 0
    left_len = len(left)
    while i < left_len and j < len(right):
        if left[i] <= right[j]:
            result.append(left[i])
            i += 1
        else:
            result.append(right[j])
            count += left_len - i
            j += 1
    result += left[i:]
    result += right[j:]
    return result, count

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# Using a Binary Indexed Tree, aka a Fenwick tree, by Niklas B.
def count_inversions_NiklasB(a):
    res = 0
    counts = [0] * (len(a) + 1)
    rank = {v: i for i, v in enumerate(sorted(a), 1)}
    for x in reversed(a):
        i = rank[x] - 1
        while i:
            res += counts[i]
            i -= i & -i
        i = rank[x]
        while i <= len(a):
            counts[i] += 1
            i += i & -i
    return res

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# Merge sort version by B.M
# Modified by PM 2Ring to deal with the global counter
bm_count = 0

def merge_count_BM(seq):
    global bm_count
    bm_count = 0
    sort_bm(seq)
    return bm_count

def merge_bm(l1,l2):
    global bm_count
    l = []
    while l1 and l2:
        if l1[-1] <= l2[-1]:
            l.append(l2.pop())
        else:
            l.append(l1.pop())
            bm_count += len(l2)
    l.reverse()
    return l1 + l2 + l

def sort_bm(l):
    t = len(l) // 2
    return merge_bm(sort_bm(l[:t]), sort_bm(l[t:])) if t > 0 else l

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# Bisection based method by Tim Babych
def solution_TimBabych(A):
    sorted_left = []
    res = 0
    for i in range(1, len(A)):
        insort_left(sorted_left, A[i-1])
        # i is also the length of sorted_left
        res += (i - bisect(sorted_left, A[i]))
    return res

# Slightly faster, except for very small lists
def solutionE_TimBabych(A):
    res = 0
    sorted_left = []
    for i, u in enumerate(A):
        # i is also the length of sorted_left
        res += (i - bisect(sorted_left, u))
        insort_left(sorted_left, u)
    return res

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# Bisection based method by "python"
def solution_python(A):
    B = list(A)
    B.sort()
    inversion_count = 0
    for i in range(len(A)):
        j = binarySearch_python(B, A[i])
        while B[j] == B[j - 1]:
            if j < 1:
                break
            j -= 1
        inversion_count += j
        B.pop(j)
    return inversion_count

def binarySearch_python(alist, item):
    first = 0
    last = len(alist) - 1
    found = False
    while first <= last and not found:
        midpoint = (first + last) // 2
        if alist[midpoint] == item:
            return midpoint
        else:
            if item < alist[midpoint]:
                last = midpoint - 1
            else:
                first = midpoint + 1

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# Merge sort version by Zhe Hu
def inv_cnt_ZheHu(a):
    _, count = inv_cnt(a.copy())
    return count

def inv_cnt(a):
    n = len(a)
    if n==1:
        return a, 0
    left = a[0:n//2] # should be smaller
    left, cnt1 = inv_cnt(left)
    right = a[n//2:] # should be larger
    right, cnt2 = inv_cnt(right)

    cnt = 0
    i_left = i_right = i_a = 0
    while i_a < n:
        if (i_right>=len(right)) or (i_left < len(left)
            and left[i_left] <= right[i_right]):
            a[i_a] = left[i_left]
            i_left += 1
        else:
            a[i_a] = right[i_right]
            i_right += 1
            if i_left < len(left):
                cnt += len(left) - i_left
        i_a += 1
    return (a, cnt1 + cnt2 + cnt)

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# Merge sort version by noman pouigt
# From https://stackoverflow.com/q/47830098
def reversePairs_nomanpouigt(nums):
    def merge(left, right):
        if not left or not right:
            return (0, left + right)
        #if everything in left is less than right
        if left[len(left)-1] < right[0]:
            return (0, left + right)
        else:
            left_idx, right_idx, count = 0, 0, 0
            merged_output = []

            # check for condition before we merge it
            while left_idx < len(left) and right_idx < len(right):
                #if left[left_idx] > 2 * right[right_idx]:
                if left[left_idx] > right[right_idx]:
                    count += len(left) - left_idx
                    right_idx += 1
                else:
                    left_idx += 1

            #merging the sorted list
            left_idx, right_idx = 0, 0
            while left_idx < len(left) and right_idx < len(right):
                if left[left_idx] > right[right_idx]:
                    merged_output += [right[right_idx]]
                    right_idx += 1
                else:
                    merged_output += [left[left_idx]]
                    left_idx += 1
            if left_idx == len(left):
                merged_output += right[right_idx:]
            else:
                merged_output += left[left_idx:]
        return (count, merged_output)

    def partition(nums):
        count = 0
        if len(nums) == 1 or not nums:
            return (0, nums)
        pivot = len(nums)//2
        left_count, l = partition(nums[:pivot])
        right_count, r = partition(nums[pivot:])
        temp_count, temp_list = merge(l, r)
        return (temp_count + left_count + right_count, temp_list)
    return partition(nums)[0]

# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
# PM 2Ring
def merge_PM2R(seq):
    seq, count = merge_sort_count_PM2R(seq)
    return count

def merge_sort_count_PM2R(seq):
    mid = len(seq) // 2
    if mid == 0:
        return seq, 0
    left, left_total = merge_sort_count_PM2R(seq[:mid])
    right, right_total = merge_sort_count_PM2R(seq[mid:])
    total = left_total + right_total
    result = []
    i = j = 0
    left_len, right_len = len(left), len(right)
    while i < left_len and j < right_len:
        if left[i] <= right[j]:
            result.append(left[i])
            i += 1
        else:
            result.append(right[j])
            j += 1
            total += left_len - i
    result.extend(left[i:])
    result.extend(right[j:])
    return result, total

def rank_sum_PM2R(a):
    total = 0
    counts = [0] * len(a)
    rank = {v: i for i, v in enumerate(sorted(a))}
    for u in reversed(a):
        i = rank[u]
        total += sum(counts[:i])
        counts[i] += 1
    return total

# Fenwick tree functions adapted from C code on Wikipedia
def fen_sum(tree, i):
    ''' Return the sum of the first i elements, 0 through i-1 '''
    total = 0
    while i:
        total += tree[i-1]
        i -= i & -i
    return total

def fen_add(tree, delta, i):
    ''' Add delta to element i and thus 
        to fen_sum(tree, j) for all j > i 
    '''
    size = len(tree)
    while i < size:
        tree[i] += delta
        i += (i+1) & -(i+1)

def fenwick_PM2R(a):
    total = 0
    counts = [0] * len(a)
    rank = {v: i for i, v in enumerate(sorted(a))}
    for u in reversed(a):
        i = rank[u]
        total += fen_sum(counts, i)
        fen_add(counts, 1, i)
    return total

def fenwick_inline_PM2R(a):
    total = 0
    size = len(a)
    counts = [0] * size
    rank = {v: i for i, v in enumerate(sorted(a))}
    for u in reversed(a):
        i = rank[u]
        j = i + 1
        while i:
            total += counts[i]
            i -= i & -i
        while j < size:
            counts[j] += 1
            j += j & -j
    return total

def bruteforce_loops_PM2R(a):
    total = 0
    for i in range(1, len(a)):
        u = a[i]
        for j in range(i):
            if a[j] > u:
                total += 1
    return total

def bruteforce_sum_PM2R(a):
    return sum(1 for i in range(1, len(a)) for j in range(i) if a[j] > a[i])

# Using binary tree counting, derived from C++ code (?) by prasadvk
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/16056139
def ltree_count_PM2R(a):
    total, root = 0, None
    for u in a:
        # Store data in a list-based tree structure
        # [data, count, left_child, right_child]
        p = [u, 0, None, None]
        if root is None:
            root = p
            continue
        q = root
        while True:
            if p[0] < q[0]:
                total += 1 + q[1]
                child = 2
            else:
                q[1] += 1
                child = 3
            if q[child]:
                q = q[child]
            else:
                q[child] = p
                break
    return total

# Counting based on radix sort, recursive version
def radix_partition_rec(a, L):
    if len(a) < 2:
        return 0
    if len(a) == 2:
        return a[1] < a[0]
    left, right = [], []
    count = 0
    for u in a:
        if u & L:
            right.append(u)
        else:
            count += len(right)
            left.append(u)
    L >>= 1
    if L:
        count += radix_partition_rec(left, L) + radix_partition_rec(right, L)
    return count

# The following functions determine swaps using a permutation of 
# range(len(a)) that has the same inversion count as `a`. We can create
# this permutation with `sorted(range(len(a)), key=lambda k: a[k])`
# but `sorted(range(len(a)), key=a.__getitem__)` is a little faster.

# Counting based on radix sort, iterative version
def radix_partition_iter(seq, L):
    count = 0
    parts = [seq]
    while L and parts:
        newparts = []
        for a in parts:
            if len(a) < 2:
                continue
            if len(a) == 2:
                count += a[1] < a[0]
                continue
            left, right = [], []
            for u in a:
                if u & L:
                    right.append(u)
                else:
                    count += len(right)
                    left.append(u)
            if left:
                newparts.append(left)
            if right:
                newparts.append(right)
        parts = newparts
        L >>= 1
    return count

def perm_radixR_PM2R(a):
    size = len(a)
    b = sorted(range(size), key=a.__getitem__)
    n = size.bit_length() - 1
    return radix_partition_rec(b, 1 << n)

def perm_radixI_PM2R(a):
    size = len(a)
    b = sorted(range(size), key=a.__getitem__)
    n = size.bit_length() - 1
    return radix_partition_iter(b, 1 << n)

# Plain sum of the counts of the permutation
def perm_sum_PM2R(a):
    total = 0
    size = len(a)
    counts = [0] * size
    for i in reversed(sorted(range(size), key=a.__getitem__)):
        total += sum(counts[:i])
        counts[i] = 1
    return total

# Fenwick sum of the counts of the permutation
def perm_fenwick_PM2R(a):
    total = 0
    size = len(a)
    counts = [0] * size
    for i in reversed(sorted(range(size), key=a.__getitem__)):
        j = i + 1
        while i:
            total += counts[i]
            i -= i & -i
        while j < size:
            counts[j] += 1
            j += j & -j
    return total

# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# All the inversion-counting functions
funcs = (
    solution_TimBabych,
    solutionE_TimBabych,
    solution_python,
    count_inversion_mkso,
    count_inversions_NiklasB,
    merge_count_BM,
    inv_cnt_ZheHu,
    reversePairs_nomanpouigt,
    fenwick_PM2R,
    fenwick_inline_PM2R,
    merge_PM2R,
    rank_sum_PM2R,
    bruteforce_loops_PM2R,
    bruteforce_sum_PM2R,
    ltree_count_PM2R,
    perm_radixR_PM2R,
    perm_radixI_PM2R,
    perm_sum_PM2R,
    perm_fenwick_PM2R,
)

def time_test(seq, loops, verify=False):
    orig = seq
    timings = []
    for func in funcs:
        seq = orig.copy()
        value = func(seq) if verify else None
        t = Timer(lambda: func(seq))
        result = sorted(t.repeat(3, loops))
        timings.append((result, func.__name__, value))
        assert seq==orig, 'Sequence altered by {}!'.format(func.__name__)
    first = timings[0][-1]
    timings.sort()
    for result, name, value in timings:
        result = ', '.join([format(u, '.5f') for u in result])
        print('{:24} : {}'.format(name, result))

    if verify:
        # Check that all results are identical
        bad = ['%s: %d' % (name, value)
            for _, name, value in timings if value != first]
        if bad:
            print('ERROR. Value: {}, bad: {}'.format(first, ', '.join(bad)))
        else:
            print('Value: {}'.format(first))
    print()

#Run the tests
size, loops = 5, 1 << 12
verify = True
for _ in range(7):
    hi = size // 2
    print('Size = {}, hi = {}, {} loops'.format(size, hi, loops))
    seq = [randrange(hi) for _ in range(size)]
    time_test(seq, loops, verify)
    loops >>= 1
    size <<= 1

#size, loops = 640, 8
#verify = False
#for _ in range(5):
    #hi = size // 2
    #print('Size = {}, hi = {}, {} loops'.format(size, hi, loops))
    #seq = [randrange(hi) for _ in range(size)]
    #time_test(seq, loops, verify)
    #size <<= 1

#size, loops = 163840, 4
#verify = False
#for _ in range(3):
    #hi = size // 2
    #print('Size = {}, hi = {}, {} loops'.format(size, hi, loops))
    #seq = [randrange(hi) for _ in range(size)]
    #time_test(seq, loops, verify)
    #size <<= 1

请看这里的输出

可以通过分析合并排序中的合并过程来找到反转次数：

将元素从第二个数组复制到合并数组（此例中为9）时，它相对于其他元素保持其位置。当将元素从第一个数组复制到合并数组（此处为5）时，它将被反转，而所有元素都保留在第二个数组中（3和4分别为2个反转）。因此，对合并排序进行一些修改就可以解决O（n ln n）中的问题。
例如，只需取消注释下面的mergesort python代码中的两行＃即可进行计数。

def merge(l1,l2):
    l = []
    # global count
    while l1 and l2:
        if l1[-1] <= l2[-1]:
            l.append(l2.pop())
        else:
            l.append(l1.pop())
            # count += len(l2)
    l.reverse()
    return l1 + l2 + l

def sort(l): 
    t = len(l) // 2
    return merge(sort(l[:t]), sort(l[t:])) if t > 0 else l

count=0
print(sort([5,1,2,4,9,3]), count)
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9] 6

编辑1

稳定版本的快速排序可以实现相同的任务，该版本速度稍快一些：

def part(l):
    pivot=l[-1]
    small,big = [],[]
    count = big_count = 0
    for x in l:
        if x <= pivot:
            small.append(x)
            count += big_count
        else:
            big.append(x)
            big_count += 1
    return count,small,big

def quick_count(l):
    if len(l)<2 : return 0
    count,small,big = part(l)
    small.pop()
    return count + quick_count(small) + quick_count(big)

选择数据透视图作为最后一个元素，可以很好地算出反转，并且执行时间比上面的合并要好40％。

编辑2

为了在python中实现性能，请使用numpy和numba版本：

首先是numpy部分，它使用argsort O（n ln n）：

def count_inversions(a):
    n = a.size
    counts = np.arange(n) & -np.arange(n)  # The BIT
    ags = a.argsort(kind='mergesort')    
    return  BIT(ags,counts,n)

高效BIT方法的关键部分是：

@numba.njit
def BIT(ags,counts,n):
    res = 0        
    for x in ags :
        i = x
        while i:
            res += counts[i]
            i -= i & -i
        i = x+1
        while i < n:
            counts[i] -= 1
            i += i & -i
    return  res  

请注意，Geoffrey Irving的答案是错误的。

数组中反转的数量是元素必须移动的总距离的一半，才能对数组进行排序。因此，可以通过对数组排序，保持结果排列p [i]，然后计算abs（p [i] -i）/ 2之和来计算。这需要O（n log n）时间，这是最佳时间。

在http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PermutationInversion.html上提供了一种替代方法。此方法等效于max（0，p [i] -i）的总和，该总和等于abs（p [i] -i]）/ 2的总和，因为总距离元素向左移动等于总距离元素向右移动。

以序列{3，2，1}为例。共有三个反转：（3​​，2），（3，1），（2，1），因此反转数为3。但是，根据引用的方法，答案应该是2。

检查一下：http : //www.cs.jhu.edu/~xfliu/600.363_F03/hw_solution/solution1.pdf

我希望它会给您正确的答案。

• 2-3反转部分（d）
• 它的运行时间是O（nlogn）

这是二叉树变化的一种可能的解决方案。它将一个名为rightSubTreeSize的字段添加到每个树节点。继续按其在数组中出现的顺序将数字插入二叉树。如果number达到节点的lhs，则该元素的反转计数将为（1 + rightSubTreeSize）。由于所有这些元素都大于当前元素，因此它们会早于数组出现。如果element到达节点的rhs，则只需增加它的rightSubTreeSize即可。以下是代码。

Node { 
    int data;
    Node* left, *right;
    int rightSubTreeSize;

    Node(int data) { 
        rightSubTreeSize = 0;
    }   
};

Node* root = null;
int totCnt = 0;
for(i = 0; i < n; ++i) { 
    Node* p = new Node(a[i]);
    if(root == null) { 
        root = p;
        continue;
    } 

    Node* q = root;
    int curCnt = 0;
    while(q) { 
        if(p->data <= q->data) { 
            curCnt += 1 + q->rightSubTreeSize;
            if(q->left) { 
                q = q->left;
            } else { 
                q->left = p;
                break;
            }
        } else { 
            q->rightSubTreeSize++;
            if(q->right) { 
                q = q->right;
            } else { 
                q->right = p;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    totCnt += curCnt;
  }
  return totCnt;

public static int mergeSort(int[] a, int p, int r)
{
    int countInversion = 0;
    if(p < r)
    {
        int q = (p + r)/2;
        countInversion = mergeSort(a, p, q);
        countInversion += mergeSort(a, q+1, r);
        countInversion += merge(a, p, q, r);
    }
    return countInversion;
}

public static int merge(int[] a, int p, int q, int r)
{
    //p=0, q=1, r=3
    int countingInversion = 0;
    int n1 = q-p+1;
    int n2 = r-q;
    int[] temp1 = new int[n1+1];
    int[] temp2 = new int[n2+1];
    for(int i=0; i<n1; i++) temp1[i] = a[p+i];
    for(int i=0; i<n2; i++) temp2[i] = a[q+1+i];

    temp1[n1] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    temp2[n2] = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    int i = 0, j = 0;

    for(int k=p; k<=r; k++)
    {
        if(temp1[i] <= temp2[j])
        {
            a[k] = temp1[i];
            i++;
        }
        else
        {
            a[k] = temp2[j];
            j++;
            countingInversion=countingInversion+(n1-i); 
        }
    }
    return countingInversion;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int[] a = {1, 20, 6, 4, 5};
    int countInversion = mergeSort(a, 0, a.length-1);
    System.out.println(countInversion);
}

由于这是一个老问题，因此我将用C语言提供答案。

#include <stdio.h>

int count = 0;
int inversions(int a[], int len);
void mergesort(int a[], int left, int right);
void merge(int a[], int left, int mid, int right);

int main() {
  int a[] = { 1, 5, 2, 4, 0 };
  printf("%d\n", inversions(a, 5));
}

int inversions(int a[], int len) {
  mergesort(a, 0, len - 1);
  return count;
}

void mergesort(int a[], int left, int right) {
  if (left < right) {
     int mid = (left + right) / 2;
     mergesort(a, left, mid);
     mergesort(a, mid + 1, right);
     merge(a, left, mid, right);
  }
}

void merge(int a[], int left, int mid, int right) {
  int i = left;
  int j = mid + 1;
  int k = 0;
  int b[right - left + 1];
  while (i <= mid && j <= right) {
     if (a[i] <= a[j]) {
       b[k++] = a[i++];
     } else {
       printf("right element: %d\n", a[j]);
       count += (mid - i + 1);
       printf("new count: %d\n", count);
       b[k++] = a[j++];
     }
  }
  while (i <= mid)
    b[k++] = a[i++];
  while (j <= right)
    b[k++] = a[j++];
  for (i = left, k = 0; i <= right; i++, k++) {
    a[i] = b[k];
  }
}

这是C ++解决方案

/**
*array sorting needed to verify if first arrays n'th element is greater than sencond arrays
*some element then all elements following n will do the same
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int countInversions(int array[],int size);
int merge(int arr1[],int size1,int arr2[],int size2,int[]);
int main()
{
    int array[] = {2, 4, 1, 3, 5};
    int size = sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]);
    int x = countInversions(array,size);
    printf("number of inversions = %d",x);
}

int countInversions(int array[],int size)
{
    if(size > 1 )
    {
    int mid = size / 2;
    int count1 = countInversions(array,mid);
    int count2 = countInversions(array+mid,size-mid);
    int temp[size];
    int count3 = merge(array,mid,array+mid,size-mid,temp);
    for(int x =0;x<size ;x++)
    {
        array[x] = temp[x];
    }
    return count1 + count2 + count3;
    }else{
        return 0;
    }
}

int merge(int arr1[],int size1,int arr2[],int size2,int temp[])
{
    int count  = 0;
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    int c = 0;
    while(a < size1 && b < size2)
    {
        if(arr1[a] < arr2[b])
        {
            temp[c] = arr1[a];
            c++;
            a++;
        }else{
            temp[c] = arr2[b];
            b++;
            c++;
            count = count + size1 -a;
        }
    }

    while(a < size1)
    {
        temp[c] = arr1[a];
        c++;a++;
    }

while(b < size2)
    {
        temp[c] = arr2[b];
        c++;b++;
    }

    return count;
}

这个答案包含timeit我主要答案中的代码所产生的测试结果。请查看该答案以获取详细信息！

count_inversions speed test results

Size = 5, hi = 2, 4096 loops
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.04871, 0.04872, 0.04876
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 0.05696, 0.05700, 0.05776
solution_TimBabych       : 0.05760, 0.05822, 0.05943
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.06642, 0.06704, 0.06760
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 0.07523, 0.07545, 0.07563
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.09873, 0.09875, 0.09935
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.10449, 0.10463, 0.10468
solution_python          : 0.13034, 0.13061, 0.13221
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.14323, 0.14610, 0.18802
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.15146, 0.15203, 0.15235
merge_count_BM           : 0.16179, 0.16267, 0.16467
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.16200, 0.16202, 0.16768
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.16887, 0.16920, 0.17075
merge_PM2R               : 0.18262, 0.18271, 0.18418
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.19183, 0.19279, 0.20388
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.20060, 0.20141, 0.20398
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.20815, 0.20841, 0.20906
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.22109, 0.22137, 0.22379
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.29620, 0.29689, 0.30293
Value: 5

Size = 10, hi = 5, 2048 loops
solution_TimBabych       : 0.05954, 0.05989, 0.05991
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.05970, 0.05972, 0.05998
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.07517, 0.07519, 0.07520
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.07672, 0.07677, 0.07684
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 0.07719, 0.07724, 0.07817
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.08587, 0.08823, 0.08864
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 0.09470, 0.09472, 0.09484
solution_python          : 0.13126, 0.13154, 0.13185
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.14239, 0.14320, 0.14474
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.14632, 0.14669, 0.14679
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.16796, 0.16831, 0.17030
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.18189, 0.18212, 0.18638
merge_count_BM           : 0.19816, 0.19870, 0.19948
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.21807, 0.22031, 0.22215
merge_PM2R               : 0.22037, 0.22048, 0.26106
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.24290, 0.24314, 0.24744
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.24895, 0.24899, 0.25205
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.26253, 0.26259, 0.26590
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.35711, 0.35762, 0.35973
Value: 20

Size = 20, hi = 10, 1024 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.05687, 0.05696, 0.05720
solution_TimBabych       : 0.06126, 0.06151, 0.06168
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.06875, 0.06906, 0.07054
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.07988, 0.07995, 0.08002
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.11232, 0.11239, 0.11257
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 0.12553, 0.12584, 0.12592
solution_python          : 0.13472, 0.13540, 0.13694
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 0.15820, 0.15849, 0.16021
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.17101, 0.17148, 0.17229
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.17891, 0.18087, 0.18366
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.20554, 0.20708, 0.21412
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.21161, 0.21163, 0.22047
merge_count_BM           : 0.24125, 0.24261, 0.24565
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.25712, 0.25754, 0.25778
merge_PM2R               : 0.26477, 0.26566, 0.31297
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.28178, 0.28216, 0.29069
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.30286, 0.30290, 0.30652
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.32024, 0.32041, 0.32447
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.45812, 0.45822, 0.46172
Value: 98

Size = 40, hi = 20, 512 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.05784, 0.05787, 0.05958
solution_TimBabych       : 0.06452, 0.06475, 0.06479
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.07254, 0.07261, 0.07263
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.08537, 0.08540, 0.08572
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.11744, 0.11749, 0.11792
solution_python          : 0.14262, 0.14285, 0.14465
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.18774, 0.18776, 0.18922
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.19425, 0.19435, 0.19609
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 0.21500, 0.21511, 0.21686
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.23338, 0.23375, 0.23674
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.24947, 0.24958, 0.25189
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 0.27627, 0.27646, 0.28041
merge_count_BM           : 0.28059, 0.28128, 0.28294
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.28557, 0.28759, 0.29022
merge_PM2R               : 0.29886, 0.29928, 0.30317
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.30241, 0.30259, 0.35237
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.34252, 0.34356, 0.34441
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.37468, 0.37569, 0.37847
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.50725, 0.50770, 0.50943
Value: 369

Size = 80, hi = 40, 256 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.06339, 0.06373, 0.06513
solution_TimBabych       : 0.06984, 0.06994, 0.07009
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.09171, 0.09172, 0.09186
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.10468, 0.10474, 0.10500
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.14416, 0.15187, 0.18541
solution_python          : 0.17415, 0.17423, 0.17451
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.20676, 0.20681, 0.20936
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.21671, 0.21695, 0.21736
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.26197, 0.26252, 0.26264
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.28111, 0.28249, 0.28382
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.31746, 0.32448, 0.32451
merge_count_BM           : 0.31964, 0.33842, 0.35276
merge_PM2R               : 0.32890, 0.32941, 0.33322
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.34355, 0.34377, 0.34873
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.37689, 0.37698, 0.38079
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.42923, 0.42941, 0.43249
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 0.43544, 0.43601, 0.43902
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 0.52106, 0.52160, 0.52531
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.57805, 0.58156, 0.58252
Value: 1467

Size = 160, hi = 80, 128 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.06766, 0.06784, 0.06963
solution_TimBabych       : 0.07433, 0.07489, 0.07516
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.13143, 0.13175, 0.13179
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.14428, 0.14440, 0.14922
solution_python          : 0.20072, 0.20076, 0.20084
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.20314, 0.20583, 0.24776
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.23061, 0.23078, 0.23525
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.23894, 0.23915, 0.24234
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.30984, 0.31181, 0.31503
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.31933, 0.32680, 0.32722
merge_count_BM           : 0.36003, 0.36387, 0.36409
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.36796, 0.36814, 0.37106
merge_PM2R               : 0.36847, 0.36848, 0.37127
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.37833, 0.37847, 0.38095
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.42746, 0.42747, 0.43184
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.48969, 0.48974, 0.49293
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.67791, 0.68157, 0.72420
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 0.82816, 0.83175, 0.83282
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 1.03322, 1.03378, 1.03562
Value: 6194

Size = 320, hi = 160, 64 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.07467, 0.07470, 0.07483
solution_TimBabych       : 0.08036, 0.08066, 0.08077
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.21142, 0.21201, 0.25766
solution_python          : 0.22410, 0.22644, 0.22897
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.22820, 0.22851, 0.22877
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.24424, 0.24595, 0.24645
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.25690, 0.25710, 0.26191
perm_radixR_PM2R         : 0.26501, 0.26504, 0.26729
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.33483, 0.33507, 0.33845
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.34413, 0.34484, 0.35153
merge_count_BM           : 0.39875, 0.39919, 0.40302
fenwick_PM2R             : 0.40434, 0.40439, 0.40845
merge_PM2R               : 0.40814, 0.41531, 0.51417
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.41681, 0.42009, 0.42128
count_inversion_mkso     : 0.47132, 0.47192, 0.47385
inv_cnt_ZheHu            : 0.54468, 0.54750, 0.54893
reversePairs_nomanpouigt : 0.76164, 0.76389, 0.80357
bruteforce_loops_PM2R    : 1.59125, 1.60430, 1.64131
bruteforce_sum_PM2R      : 2.03734, 2.03834, 2.03975
Value: 24959

Run 2

Size = 640, hi = 320, 8 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.04135, 0.04374, 0.04575
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.06738, 0.06758, 0.06874
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.06928, 0.06943, 0.07019
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.07850, 0.07856, 0.08059
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.08151, 0.08162, 0.08170
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.09122, 0.09133, 0.09221
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.09549, 0.09603, 0.11270
merge_count_BM           : 0.10733, 0.10807, 0.11032
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.12460, 0.19865, 0.20205
solution_python          : 0.13514, 0.13585, 0.13814

Size = 1280, hi = 640, 8 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.04714, 0.04742, 0.04752
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.15325, 0.15388, 0.15525
solution_python          : 0.15709, 0.15715, 0.16076
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.16048, 0.16160, 0.16403
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.16213, 0.16238, 0.16428
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.16408, 0.16416, 0.16449
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.19755, 0.19833, 0.19897
merge_count_BM           : 0.23736, 0.23793, 0.23912
perm_sum_PM2R            : 0.32946, 0.32969, 0.33277
rank_sum_PM2R            : 0.34637, 0.34756, 0.34858

Size = 2560, hi = 1280, 8 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.10898, 0.11005, 0.11025
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.33345, 0.33352, 0.37656
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.34670, 0.34786, 0.34833
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.34816, 0.34879, 0.35214
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.36196, 0.36455, 0.36741
solution_python          : 0.36498, 0.36637, 0.40887
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.42274, 0.42745, 0.42995
merge_count_BM           : 0.50799, 0.50898, 0.50917
perm_sum_PM2R            : 1.27773, 1.27897, 1.27951
rank_sum_PM2R            : 1.29728, 1.30389, 1.30448

Size = 5120, hi = 2560, 8 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.26914, 0.26993, 0.27253
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 0.71416, 0.71634, 0.71753
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 0.71976, 0.72078, 0.72078
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 0.72776, 0.72804, 0.73143
ltree_count_PM2R         : 0.81972, 0.82043, 0.82290
solution_python          : 0.83714, 0.83756, 0.83962
count_inversions_NiklasB : 0.87282, 0.87395, 0.92087
merge_count_BM           : 1.09496, 1.09584, 1.10207
rank_sum_PM2R            : 5.02564, 5.06277, 5.06666
perm_sum_PM2R            : 5.09088, 5.12999, 5.13512

Size = 10240, hi = 5120, 8 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 0.71556, 0.71718, 0.72201
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 1.54785, 1.55096, 1.55515
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 1.55103, 1.55353, 1.59298
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 1.57118, 1.57240, 1.57271
ltree_count_PM2R         : 1.76240, 1.76247, 1.80944
count_inversions_NiklasB : 1.86543, 1.86851, 1.87208
solution_python          : 2.01490, 2.01519, 2.06423
merge_count_BM           : 2.35215, 2.35301, 2.40023
rank_sum_PM2R            : 20.07048, 20.08399, 20.13200
perm_sum_PM2R            : 20.10187, 20.12551, 20.12683

Run 3
Size = 20480, hi = 10240, 4 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 1.07636, 1.08243, 1.09569
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 1.59579, 1.60519, 1.61785
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 1.66885, 1.68549, 1.71109
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 1.72073, 1.72752, 1.77217
ltree_count_PM2R         : 1.96900, 1.97820, 2.02578
count_inversions_NiklasB : 2.03257, 2.05005, 2.18548
merge_count_BM           : 2.46768, 2.47377, 2.52133
solution_python          : 2.49833, 2.50179, 3.79819

Size = 40960, hi = 20480, 4 loops
solutionE_TimBabych      : 3.51733, 3.52008, 3.56996
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 3.51736, 3.52365, 3.56459
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 3.76097, 3.80900, 3.87974
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 3.95099, 3.96300, 3.99748
ltree_count_PM2R         : 4.49866, 4.54652, 5.39716
count_inversions_NiklasB : 4.61851, 4.64303, 4.73026
merge_count_BM           : 5.31945, 5.35378, 5.35951
solution_python          : 6.78756, 6.82911, 6.98217

Size = 81920, hi = 40960, 4 loops
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 7.68723, 7.71986, 7.72135
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 8.52404, 8.53349, 8.53710
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 8.97082, 8.97561, 8.98347
ltree_count_PM2R         : 10.01142, 10.01426, 10.03216
count_inversions_NiklasB : 10.60807, 10.62424, 10.70425
merge_count_BM           : 11.42149, 11.42342, 11.47003
solutionE_TimBabych      : 12.83390, 12.83485, 12.89747
solution_python          : 19.66092, 19.67067, 20.72204

Size = 163840, hi = 81920, 4 loops
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 17.14153, 17.16885, 17.22240
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 19.25944, 19.27844, 20.27568
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 19.78221, 19.80219, 19.80766
ltree_count_PM2R         : 22.42240, 22.43259, 22.48837
count_inversions_NiklasB : 22.97341, 23.01516, 23.98052
merge_count_BM           : 24.42683, 24.48559, 24.51488
solutionE_TimBabych      : 60.96006, 61.20145, 63.71835
solution_python          : 73.75132, 73.79854, 73.95874

Size = 327680, hi = 163840, 4 loops
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 36.56715, 36.60221, 37.05071
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 42.21616, 42.21838, 42.26053
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 43.04987, 43.09075, 43.13287
ltree_count_PM2R         : 49.87400, 50.08509, 50.69292
count_inversions_NiklasB : 50.74591, 50.75012, 50.75551
merge_count_BM           : 52.37284, 52.51491, 53.43003
solutionE_TimBabych      : 373.67198, 377.03341, 377.42360
solution_python          : 411.69178, 411.92691, 412.83856

Size = 655360, hi = 327680, 4 loops
perm_radixI_PM2R         : 78.51927, 78.66327, 79.46325
perm_fenwick_PM2R        : 90.64711, 90.80328, 91.76126
fenwick_inline_PM2R      : 93.32482, 93.39086, 94.28880
count_inversions_NiklasB : 107.74393, 107.80036, 108.71443
ltree_count_PM2R         : 109.11328, 109.23592, 110.18247
merge_count_BM           : 111.05633, 111.07840, 112.05861
solutionE_TimBabych      : 1830.46443, 1836.39960, 1849.53918
solution_python          : 1911.03692, 1912.04484, 1914.69786

这是计数反转的C代码

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int  _mergeSort(int arr[], int temp[], int left, int right);
int merge(int arr[], int temp[], int left, int mid, int right);

/* This function sorts the input array and returns the
   number of inversions in the array */
int mergeSort(int arr[], int array_size)
{
    int *temp = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int)*array_size);
    return _mergeSort(arr, temp, 0, array_size - 1);
}

/* An auxiliary recursive function that sorts the input array and
  returns the number of inversions in the array. */
int _mergeSort(int arr[], int temp[], int left, int right)
{
  int mid, inv_count = 0;
  if (right > left)
  {
    /* Divide the array into two parts and call _mergeSortAndCountInv()
       for each of the parts */
    mid = (right + left)/2;

    /* Inversion count will be sum of inversions in left-part, right-part
      and number of inversions in merging */
    inv_count  = _mergeSort(arr, temp, left, mid);
    inv_count += _mergeSort(arr, temp, mid+1, right);

    /*Merge the two parts*/
    inv_count += merge(arr, temp, left, mid+1, right);
  }
  return inv_count;
}

/* This funt merges two sorted arrays and returns inversion count in
   the arrays.*/
int merge(int arr[], int temp[], int left, int mid, int right)
{
  int i, j, k;
  int inv_count = 0;

  i = left; /* i is index for left subarray*/
  j = mid;  /* i is index for right subarray*/
  k = left; /* i is index for resultant merged subarray*/
  while ((i <= mid - 1) && (j <= right))
  {
    if (arr[i] <= arr[j])
    {
      temp[k++] = arr[i++];
    }
    else
    {
      temp[k++] = arr[j++];

     /*this is tricky -- see above explanation/diagram for merge()*/
      inv_count = inv_count + (mid - i);
    }
  }

  /* Copy the remaining elements of left subarray
   (if there are any) to temp*/
  while (i <= mid - 1)
    temp[k++] = arr[i++];

  /* Copy the remaining elements of right subarray
   (if there are any) to temp*/
  while (j <= right)
    temp[k++] = arr[j++];

  /*Copy back the merged elements to original array*/
  for (i=left; i <= right; i++)
    arr[i] = temp[i];

  return inv_count;
}

/* Driver progra to test above functions */
int main(int argv, char** args)
{
  int arr[] = {1, 20, 6, 4, 5};
  printf(" Number of inversions are %d \n", mergeSort(arr, 5));
  getchar();
  return 0;
}

此处提供了详细说明：http : //www.geeksforgeeks.org/counting-inversions/

O（n log n）时间，Java中的O（n）空间解。

合并排序，可以进行调整以保留合并步骤中执行的反转次数。（有关详细解释的mergesort，请访问http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JavaAlgorithmsMergesort/article.html）

由于可以进行归并排序，因此空间复杂度可以提高到O（1）。

使用这种排序时，仅在合并步骤中发生反转，并且仅当我们必须将第二部分的元素放在前半部分的元素之前时，例如

• 0 5 10 15

与合并

• 1 6 22

我们有3 + 2 + 0 = 5个反转：

• 1与{5，10，15}
• 6与{10，15}
• 22与{}

完成5次反演后，我们的新合并列表为0、1、5、6、10、15、22

Codility上有一个名为ArrayInversionCount的演示任务，您可以在其中测试您的解决方案。

    public class FindInversions {

    public static int solution(int[] input) {
        if (input == null)
            return 0;
        int[] helper = new int[input.length];
        return mergeSort(0, input.length - 1, input, helper);
    }

    public static int mergeSort(int low, int high, int[] input, int[] helper) {
        int inversionCount = 0;
        if (low < high) {
            int medium = low + (high - low) / 2;
            inversionCount += mergeSort(low, medium, input, helper);
            inversionCount += mergeSort(medium + 1, high, input, helper);
            inversionCount += merge(low, medium, high, input, helper);
        }
        return inversionCount;
    }

    public static int merge(int low, int medium, int high, int[] input, int[] helper) {
        int inversionCount = 0;

        for (int i = low; i <= high; i++)
            helper[i] = input[i];

        int i = low;
        int j = medium + 1;
        int k = low;

        while (i <= medium && j <= high) {
            if (helper[i] <= helper[j]) {
                input[k] = helper[i];
                i++;
            } else {
                input[k] = helper[j];
                // the number of elements in the first half which the j element needs to jump over.
                // there is an inversion between each of those elements and j.
                inversionCount += (medium + 1 - i);
                j++;
            }
            k++;
        }

        // finish writing back in the input the elements from the first part
        while (i <= medium) {
            input[k] = helper[i];
            i++;
            k++;
        }
        return inversionCount;
    }

}

这是O（n * log（n））perl实现：

sub sort_and_count {
    my ($arr, $n) = @_;
    return ($arr, 0) unless $n > 1;

    my $mid = $n % 2 == 1 ? ($n-1)/2 : $n/2;
    my @left = @$arr[0..$mid-1];
    my @right = @$arr[$mid..$n-1];

    my ($sleft, $x) = sort_and_count( \@left, $mid );
    my ($sright, $y) = sort_and_count( \@right, $n-$mid);
    my ($merged, $z) = merge_and_countsplitinv( $sleft, $sright, $n );

    return ($merged, $x+$y+$z);
}

sub merge_and_countsplitinv {
    my ($left, $right, $n) = @_;

    my ($l_c, $r_c) = ($#$left+1, $#$right+1);
    my ($i, $j) = (0, 0);
    my @merged;
    my $inv = 0;

    for my $k (0..$n-1) {
        if ($i<$l_c && $j<$r_c) {
            if ( $left->[$i] < $right->[$j]) {
                push @merged, $left->[$i];
                $i+=1;
            } else {
                push @merged, $right->[$j];
                $j+=1;
                $inv += $l_c - $i;
            }
        } else {
            if ($i>=$l_c) {
                push @merged, @$right[ $j..$#$right ];
            } else {
                push @merged, @$left[ $i..$#$left ];
            }
            last;
        }
    }

    return (\@merged, $inv);
}

我在Python中的回答：

1-首先对阵列进行排序并制作一个副本。在我的程序中，B代表排序后的数组。2-遍历原始数组（未排序），并在排序列表上找到该元素的索引。还要记下元素的索引。3-确保元素没有任何重复项，如果有重复项，则需要将索引值更改为-1。我程序中的while条件正是这样做的。4-继续计算将为索引值的反转，并在计算出反转后将其删除。

def binarySearch(alist, item):
    first = 0
    last = len(alist) - 1
    found = False

    while first <= last and not found:
        midpoint = (first + last)//2
        if alist[midpoint] == item:
            return midpoint
        else:
            if item < alist[midpoint]:
                last = midpoint - 1
            else:
                first = midpoint + 1

def solution(A):

    B = list(A)
    B.sort()
    inversion_count = 0
    for i in range(len(A)):
        j = binarySearch(B, A[i])
        while B[j] == B[j - 1]:
            if j < 1:
                break
            j -= 1

        inversion_count += j
        B.pop(j)

    if inversion_count > 1000000000:
        return -1
    else:
        return inversion_count

print solution([4, 10, 11, 1, 3, 9, 10])

好吧，我有一个不同的解决方案，但是我担心这仅适用于不同的数组元素。

//Code
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int i,n;
    cin >> n;
    int arr[n],inv[n];
    for(i=0;i<n;i++){
        cin >> arr[i];
    }
    vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(arr[n-1]);
    inv[n-1]=0;
    for(i=n-2;i>=0;i--){
        auto it = lower_bound(v.begin(),v.end(),arr[i]); 
        //calculating least element in vector v which is greater than arr[i]
        inv[i]=it-v.begin();
        //calculating distance from starting of vector
        v.insert(it,arr[i]);
        //inserting that element into vector v
    }
    for(i=0;i<n;i++){
        cout << inv[i] << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;
    return 0;
}

为了解释我的代码，我们继续从Array的末尾添加元素。对于任何传入的数组元素，我们在向量v中找到第一个元素的索引，该索引大于我们的传入元素，并将该值分配给传入元素的索引的倒数之后，我们将该元素插入向量v的正确位置，以使向量v保持排序顺序。

//INPUT     
4
2 1 4 3

//OUTPUT    
1 0 1 0

//To calculate total inversion count just add up all the elements in output array

另一个Python解决方案，简称一个。利用内置的bisect模块，该模块提供了一些功能，可将元素插入到已排序数组中的位置，以及在已排序数组中查找元素的索引。

这个想法是将第n个元素的左侧存储在这样的数组中，这将使我们能够轻松地找到大于n个元素的数量。

import bisect
def solution(A):
    sorted_left = []
    res = 0
    for i in xrange(1, len(A)):
        bisect.insort_left(sorted_left, A[i-1])
        # i is also the length of sorted_left
        res += (i - bisect.bisect(sorted_left, A[i]))
    return res

简单的O（n ^ 2）答案是使用嵌套的for循环并为每个反转增加一个计数器

int counter = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
{
    for(int j = i+1; j < n; j++)
    {
        if( A[i] > A[j] )
        {
            counter++;
        }
    }
}

return counter;

现在，我想您需要一个更有效的解决方案，我会考虑一下。

满足O（N * log（N））时间复杂度要求的C ++中一种可能的解决方案如下。

#include <algorithm>

vector<int> merge(vector<int>left, vector<int>right, int &counter)
{

    vector<int> result;

    vector<int>::iterator it_l=left.begin();
    vector<int>::iterator it_r=right.begin();

    int index_left=0;

    while(it_l!=left.end() || it_r!=right.end())
    {

        // the following is true if we are finished with the left vector 
        // OR if the value in the right vector is the smaller one.

        if(it_l==left.end() || (it_r!=right.end() && *it_r<*it_l) )
        {
            result.push_back(*it_r);
            it_r++;

            // increase inversion counter
            counter+=left.size()-index_left;
        }
        else
        {
            result.push_back(*it_l);
            it_l++;
            index_left++;

        }
    }

    return result;
}

vector<int> merge_sort_and_count(vector<int> A, int &counter)
{

    int N=A.size();
    if(N==1)return A;

    vector<int> left(A.begin(),A.begin()+N/2);
    vector<int> right(A.begin()+N/2,A.end());

    left=merge_sort_and_count(left,counter);
    right=merge_sort_and_count(right,counter);


    return merge(left, right, counter);

}

它与常规合并排序的区别仅在于计数器。

这是我在Ruby中的O（n log n）解决方案：

def solution(t)
    sorted, inversion_count = sort_inversion_count(t)
    return inversion_count
end

def sort_inversion_count(t)
    midpoint = t.length / 2
    left_half = t[0...midpoint]
    right_half = t[midpoint..t.length]

    if midpoint == 0
        return t, 0
    end

    sorted_left_half, left_half_inversion_count = sort_inversion_count(left_half)
    sorted_right_half, right_half_inversion_count = sort_inversion_count(right_half)

    sorted = []
    inversion_count = 0
    while sorted_left_half.length > 0 or sorted_right_half.length > 0
        if sorted_left_half.empty?
            sorted.push sorted_right_half.shift
        elsif sorted_right_half.empty?
            sorted.push sorted_left_half.shift
        else
            if sorted_left_half[0] > sorted_right_half[0]
                inversion_count += sorted_left_half.length
                sorted.push sorted_right_half.shift
            else
                sorted.push sorted_left_half.shift
            end
        end
    end

    return sorted, inversion_count + left_half_inversion_count + right_half_inversion_count
end

和一些测试用例：

require "minitest/autorun"

class TestCodility < Minitest::Test
    def test_given_example
        a = [-1, 6, 3, 4, 7, 4]
        assert_equal solution(a), 4
    end

    def test_empty
        a = []
        assert_equal solution(a), 0
    end

    def test_singleton
        a = [0]
        assert_equal solution(a), 0
    end

    def test_none
        a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
        assert_equal solution(a), 0
    end

    def test_all
        a = [5,4,3,2,1]
        assert_equal solution(a), 10
    end

    def test_clones
        a = [4,4,4,4,4,4]
        assert_equal solution(a), 0
    end
end

最佳的最佳方法是通过合并排序解决问题，合并自身，我们可以通过比较左数组和右数组来检查需要多少个反转。只要左侧数组中的元素大于右侧数组中的元素，它将被求反。

合并排序方法：-

这是代码。代码与合并排序完全相同，除了mergeToParent方法中的代码段（我在其他条件下计算反转）(left[leftunPicked] < right[rightunPicked])

public class TestInversionThruMergeSort {
    
    static int count =0;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int[] arr = {6, 9, 1, 14, 8, 12, 3, 2};
        

        partition(arr);

        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

            System.out.println(arr[i]);
        }
        
        System.out.println("inversions are "+count);

    }

    public static void partition(int[] arr) {

        if (arr.length > 1) {

            int mid = (arr.length) / 2;
            int[] left = null;

            if (mid > 0) {
                left = new int[mid];

                for (int i = 0; i < mid; i++) {
                    left[i] = arr[i];
                }
            }

            int[] right = new int[arr.length - left.length];

            if ((arr.length - left.length) > 0) {
                int j = 0;
                for (int i = mid; i < arr.length; i++) {
                    right[j] = arr[i];
                    ++j;
                }
            }

            partition(left);
            partition(right);
            mergeToParent(left, right, arr);
        }

    }

    public static void mergeToParent(int[] left, int[] right, int[] parent) {

        int leftunPicked = 0;
        int rightunPicked = 0;
        int parentIndex = -1;

        while (rightunPicked < right.length && leftunPicked < left.length) {

            if (left[leftunPicked] < right[rightunPicked]) {
                parent[++parentIndex] = left[leftunPicked];
                ++leftunPicked;

            } else {
                count = count + left.length-leftunPicked;
                if ((rightunPicked < right.length)) {
                    parent[++parentIndex] = right[rightunPicked];
                    ++rightunPicked;
                }
            }

        }

        while (leftunPicked < left.length) {
            parent[++parentIndex] = left[leftunPicked];
            ++leftunPicked;
        }

        while (rightunPicked < right.length) {
            parent[++parentIndex] = right[rightunPicked];
            ++rightunPicked;
        }

    }

}

我们可以将输入数组与排序数组进行比较的另一种方法： -Diablo答案的此实现。尽管这不是首选方法，因为从数组或列表中删除n个元素是log（n ^ 2）。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;


public class TestInversion {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        
        Integer [] arr1 = {6, 9, 1, 14, 8, 12, 3, 2};
        
        List<Integer> arr = new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(arr1));
        List<Integer> sortArr = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        
        for(int i=0;i<arr.size();i++){
            sortArr.add(arr.get(i));
         
        }
        
            
        Collections.sort(sortArr);
        
        int inversion = 0;
        
        Iterator<Integer> iter = arr.iterator();
        
        while(iter.hasNext()){
            
            Integer el = (Integer)iter.next();
            int index = sortArr.indexOf(el);
            
            if(index+1 > 1){
                inversion = inversion + ((index+1)-1);
            }
            
            //iter.remove();
            sortArr.remove(el);
            
        }
        
        System.out.println("Inversions are "+inversion);
        
        
        

    }


}

对于一个大小列表，最大可能的反转次数n可以由以下表达式概括：

maxPossibleInversions = (n * (n-1) ) / 2

因此，对于数组大小，6最大可能的反转将等于15。

实现复杂 n logn我们可以在合并排序上背负反演算法。

以下是一般步骤：

• 将数组分成两个
• 调用mergeSort例程。如果左子数组中的元素大于右子数组中的元素，则使inversionCount += leftSubArray.length

而已！

这是我使用Java语言编写的一个简单示例：

var arr = [6,5,4,3,2,1]; // Sample input array

var inversionCount = 0;

function mergeSort(arr) {
    if(arr.length == 1)
        return arr;

    if(arr.length > 1) {
        let breakpoint = Math.ceil((arr.length/2));
        // Left list starts with 0, breakpoint-1
        let leftList = arr.slice(0,breakpoint);
        // Right list starts with breakpoint, length-1
        let rightList = arr.slice(breakpoint,arr.length);

        // Make a recursive call
        leftList = mergeSort(leftList);
        rightList = mergeSort(rightList);

        var a = merge(leftList,rightList);
        return a;
    }
}

function merge(leftList,rightList) {
    let result = [];
    while(leftList.length && rightList.length) {
        /**
         * The shift() method removes the first element from an array
         * and returns that element. This method changes the length
         * of the array.
         */
        if(leftList[0] <= rightList[0]) {
            result.push(leftList.shift());
        }else{
            inversionCount += leftList.length;
            result.push(rightList.shift());
        }
    }

    while(leftList.length)
        result.push(leftList.shift());

    while(rightList.length)
        result.push(rightList.shift());

    console.log(result);
    return result;
}

mergeSort(arr);
console.log('Number of inversions: ' + inversionCount);

在Swift中使用归并排序在数组中计算反转的实现：

请注意，交换次数增加了

nSwaps += mid + 1 - iL 

（这是数组左侧的相对长度减去当前元素在左侧的索引）

...因为这是数组右侧的元素必须跳过的元素数量（反转数）才能进行排序。

func merge(arr: inout [Int], arr2: inout [Int], low: Int, mid: Int, high: Int) -> Int {
    var nSwaps = 0;

    var i = low;
    var iL = low;
    var iR = mid + 1;

    while iL <= mid && iR <= high {
        if arr2[iL] <= arr2[iR] {
            arr[i] = arr2[iL]
            iL += 1
            i += 1
        } else {
            arr[i] = arr2[iR]
            nSwaps += mid + 1 - iL
            iR += 1
            i += 1
        }
    }

    while iL <= mid {
        arr[i] = arr2[iL]
        iL += 1
        i += 1
    }

    while iR <= high {
        arr[i] = arr2[iR]
        iR += 1
        i += 1
    }

    return nSwaps
}

func mergeSort(arr: inout [Int]) -> Int {
    var arr2 = arr
    let nSwaps = mergeSort(arr: &arr, arr2: &arr2, low: 0, high: arr.count-1)
    return nSwaps
}

func mergeSort(arr: inout [Int], arr2: inout [Int], low: Int, high: Int) -> Int {

    if low >= high {
        return 0
    }

    let mid = low + ((high - low) / 2)

    var nSwaps = 0;
    nSwaps += mergeSort(arr: &arr2, arr2: &arr, low: low, high: mid)
    nSwaps += mergeSort(arr: &arr2, arr2: &arr, low: mid+1, high: high)
    nSwaps += merge(arr: &arr, arr2: &arr2, low: low, mid: mid, high: high)

    return nSwaps
}

var arrayToSort: [Int] = [2, 1, 3, 1, 2]
let nSwaps = mergeSort(arr: &arrayToSort)

print(arrayToSort) // [1, 1, 2, 2, 3]
print(nSwaps) // 4

大多数答案都基于，MergeSort但这并不是解决该问题的唯一方法O(nlogn)

我将讨论几种方法。

1. 用一个 Balanced Binary Search Tree

   • 扩充树以存储重复元素的频率。
   • 想法是当树从根遍历到要插入的叶时，继续计数更大的节点。

这样的事情。

Node *insert(Node* root, int data, int& count){
    if(!root) return new Node(data);
    if(root->data == data){
        root->freq++;
        count += getSize(root->right);
    }
    else if(root->data > data){
        count += getSize(root->right) + root->freq;
        root->left = insert(root->left, data, count);
    }
    else root->right = insert(root->right, data, count);
    return balance(root);
}

int getCount(int *a, int n){
    int c = 0;
    Node *root = NULL;
    for(auto i=0; i<n; i++) root = insert(root, a[i], c);
    return c;
}

2. 用一个 Binary Indexed Tree
   • 创建一个求和BIT。
   • 从头开始循环并开始查找更大元素的数量。

int getInversions(int[] a) {
    int n = a.length, inversions = 0;
    int[] bit = new int[n+1];
    compress(a);
    BIT b = new BIT();
    for (int i=n-1; i>=0; i--) {
         inversions += b.getSum(bit, a[i] - 1);
         b.update(bit, n, a[i], 1);
     }
     return inversions;
}

3. 用一个 Segment Tree
   • 创建一个汇总段树。
   • 从数组末尾循环并在[0, a[i]-1]和更新之间查询a[i] with 1

int getInversions(int *a, int n) {
    int N = n + 1, c = 0;
    compress(a, n);
    int tree[N<<1] = {0};
    for (int i=n-1; i>=0; i--) {
        c+= query(tree, N, 0, a[i] - 1);
        update(tree, N, a[i], 1);
    }
    return c;
}

另外，在使用时BIT还是Segment-Tree一个好主意Coordinate compression

void compress(int *a, int n) {
    int temp[n];
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) temp[i] = a[i];
    sort(temp, temp+n);
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++) a[i] = lower_bound(temp, temp+n, a[i]) - temp + 1;
}

C ++Θ（n lg n）对的印刷解决方案，构成反转计数。

int merge(vector<int>&nums , int low , int mid , int high){
    int size1 = mid - low +1;
    int size2= high - mid;
    vector<int>left;
    vector<int>right;
    for(int i = 0  ; i < size1 ; ++i){
        left.push_back(nums[low+i]);
    }
    for(int i = 0 ; i <size2 ; ++i){
        right.push_back(nums[mid+i+1]);
    }
    left.push_back(INT_MAX);
    right.push_back(INT_MAX);
    int i = 0 ;
    int j = 0;
    int start  = low;
    int inversion = 0 ;
    while(i < size1 && j < size2){
        if(left[i]<right[j]){
            nums[start] = left[i];
            start++;
            i++;
        }else{
            for(int l = i ; l < size1; ++l){
                cout<<"("<<left[l]<<","<<right[j]<<")"<<endl;
            }
            inversion += size1 - i;
            nums[start] = right[j];
            start++;
            j++;
        }
    }
    if(i == size1){
        for(int c = j ; c< size2 ; ++c){
            nums[start] = right[c];
            start++;
        }
    }
    if(j == size2){
        for(int c =  i ; c< size1 ; ++c){
            nums[start] = left[c];
            start++;
        }
    }
    return inversion;
}
int inversion_count(vector<int>& nums , int low , int high){
    if(high>low){
        int mid = low + (high-low)/2;
        int left = inversion_count(nums,low,mid);
        int right = inversion_count(nums,mid+1,high);
        int inversion = merge(nums,low,mid,high) + left + right;
        return inversion;
    }
    return 0 ;
}

如果复制到输出的数字来自正确的数组，请在合并步骤增量计数器中使用mergesort。

我最近不得不在R中执行此操作：

inversionNumber <- function(x){
    mergeSort <- function(x){
        if(length(x) == 1){
            inv <- 0
        } else {
            n <- length(x)
            n1 <- ceiling(n/2)
            n2 <- n-n1
            y1 <- mergeSort(x[1:n1])
            y2 <- mergeSort(x[n1+1:n2])
            inv <- y1$inversions + y2$inversions
            x1 <- y1$sortedVector
            x2 <- y2$sortedVector
            i1 <- 1
            i2 <- 1
            while(i1+i2 <= n1+n2+1){
                if(i2 > n2 || i1 <= n1 && x1[i1] <= x2[i2]){
                    x[i1+i2-1] <- x1[i1]
                    i1 <- i1 + 1
                } else {
                    inv <- inv + n1 + 1 - i1
                    x[i1+i2-1] <- x2[i2]
                    i2 <- i2 + 1
                }
            }
        }
        return (list(inversions=inv,sortedVector=x))
    }
    r <- mergeSort(x)
    return (r$inversions)
}