Microsoft的编译器在调试模式下进行编译时,其各种未使用/未初始化的内存的简要说明(支持可能会因编译器版本而异):
Value Name Description
------ -------- -------------------------
0xCD Clean Memory Allocated memory via malloc or new but never
written by the application.
0xDD Dead Memory Memory that has been released with delete or free.
It is used to detect writing through dangling pointers.
0xED or Aligned Fence 'No man's land' for aligned allocations. Using a
0xBD different value here than 0xFD allows the runtime
to detect not only writing outside the allocation,
but to also identify mixing alignment-specific
allocation/deallocation routines with the regular
ones.
0xFD Fence Memory Also known as "no mans land." This is used to wrap
the allocated memory (surrounding it with a fence)
and is used to detect indexing arrays out of
bounds or other accesses (especially writes) past
the end (or start) of an allocated block.
0xFD or Buffer slack Used to fill slack space in some memory buffers
0xFE (unused parts of `std::string` or the user buffer
passed to `fread()`). 0xFD is used in VS 2005 (maybe
some prior versions, too), 0xFE is used in VS 2008
and later.
0xCC When the code is compiled with the /GZ option,
uninitialized variables are automatically assigned
to this value (at byte level).
// the following magic values are done by the OS, not the C runtime:
0xAB (Allocated Block?) Memory allocated by LocalAlloc().
0xBAADF00D Bad Food Memory allocated by LocalAlloc() with LMEM_FIXED,but
not yet written to.
0xFEEEFEEE OS fill heap memory, which was marked for usage,
but wasn't allocated by HeapAlloc() or LocalAlloc().
Or that memory just has been freed by HeapFree().
免责声明:这张桌子是从我身边的一些笔记中摘录的-它们可能不是100%正确(或连贯)。
其中许多值是在vc / crt / src / dbgheap.c中定义的:
/*
* The following values are non-zero, constant, odd, large, and atypical
* Non-zero values help find bugs assuming zero filled data.
* Constant values are good, so that memory filling is deterministic
* (to help make bugs reproducible). Of course, it is bad if
* the constant filling of weird values masks a bug.
* Mathematically odd numbers are good for finding bugs assuming a cleared
* lower bit.
* Large numbers (byte values at least) are less typical and are good
* at finding bad addresses.
* Atypical values (i.e. not too often) are good since they typically
* cause early detection in code.
* For the case of no man's land and free blocks, if you store to any
* of these locations, the memory integrity checker will detect it.
*
* _bAlignLandFill has been changed from 0xBD to 0xED, to ensure that
* 4 bytes of that (0xEDEDEDED) would give an inaccessible address under 3gb.
*/
static unsigned char _bNoMansLandFill = 0xFD; /* fill no-man's land with this */
static unsigned char _bAlignLandFill = 0xED; /* fill no-man's land for aligned routines */
static unsigned char _bDeadLandFill = 0xDD; /* fill free objects with this */
static unsigned char _bCleanLandFill = 0xCD; /* fill new objects with this */
有时调试运行时还会用已知值填充缓冲区(或缓冲区的一部分),例如,std::string
分配中的“松弛”空间或传递给的缓冲区fread()
。在这些情况下,将使用给定名称_SECURECRT_FILL_BUFFER_PATTERN
(在中定义crtdefs.h
)的值。我不确定它什么时候被引入,但是至少在VS 2005(VC ++ 8)中它是在调试运行时中。
最初,用于填充这些缓冲区0xFD
的值是-与无人区相同的值。但是,在VS 2008(VC ++ 9)中,该值已更改为0xFE
。我以为是因为在某些情况下,填充操作可能会超出缓冲区的末尾,例如,如果调用方传入的缓冲区大小太大了,则该操作会结束fread()
。在那种情况下,该值0xFD
可能不会触发检测到该溢出,因为如果缓冲区大小仅增加一个,则填充值将与用于初始化金丝雀的no man's land值相同。没有人的土地没有变化,就不会引起人们的注意。
因此,在VS 2008中更改了填充值,因此这种情况将更改无人区的金丝雀,从而在运行时发现问题。
正如其他人指出的那样,这些值的关键属性之一是,如果取消引用具有这些值之一的指针变量,则将导致访问冲突,因为在标准的32位Windows配置中,用户模式地址不会高于0x7fffffff。