Answers:
新型类(即object
Python中的默认子类来自)具有一种__subclasses__
返回子类的方法:
class Foo(object): pass
class Bar(Foo): pass
class Baz(Foo): pass
class Bing(Bar): pass
这是子类的名称:
print([cls.__name__ for cls in Foo.__subclasses__()])
# ['Bar', 'Baz']
这是子类本身:
print(Foo.__subclasses__())
# [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>]
确认确实将子类Foo
列为其基础:
for cls in Foo.__subclasses__():
print(cls.__base__)
# <class '__main__.Foo'>
# <class '__main__.Foo'>
请注意,如果您想要子子类,则必须递归:
def all_subclasses(cls):
return set(cls.__subclasses__()).union(
[s for c in cls.__subclasses__() for s in all_subclasses(c)])
print(all_subclasses(Foo))
# {<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>}
请注意,如果尚未执行子类的类定义(例如,如果尚未导入子类的模块),则该子类尚不存在,__subclasses__
也不会找到。
您提到“给它的名字”。由于Python类是一流的对象,因此您不需要使用带有类名的字符串来代替类或类似的东西。您可以直接使用该类,也许应该。
如果确实有一个表示类名称的字符串,并且想要查找该类的子类,则有两个步骤:找到给定名称的类,然后使用以下命令查找子类: __subclasses__
上述方法。
如何从名称中查找类取决于您希望在何处找到它。如果希望与尝试查找该类的代码在同一模块中找到它,则
cls = globals()[name]
可以胜任这项工作,或者在极少数情况下您希望在本地人中找到它,
cls = locals()[name]
如果该类可以位于任何模块中,则您的名称字符串应包含完全限定的名称- 'pkg.module.Foo'
而不是just 'Foo'
。使用importlib
加载类的模块,然后获取相应的属性:
import importlib
modname, _, clsname = name.rpartition('.')
mod = importlib.import_module(modname)
cls = getattr(mod, clsname)
但是,找到该类后,cls.__subclasses__()
将返回其子类的列表。
如果您只想要直接子类,那么.__subclasses__()
效果很好。如果需要所有子类,子类的子类等等,则需要一个函数来为您执行此操作。
这是一个简单易读的函数,它递归地找到给定类的所有子类:
def get_all_subclasses(cls):
all_subclasses = []
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
all_subclasses.append(subclass)
all_subclasses.extend(get_all_subclasses(subclass))
return all_subclasses
all_subclasses
应该set
消除重复吗?
A(object)
,B(A)
,C(A)
,和D(B, C)
。get_all_subclasses(A) == [B, C, D, D]
。
最简单的一般形式的解决方案:
def get_subclasses(cls):
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
yield from get_subclasses(subclass)
yield subclass
还有一个类方法,以防您有一个继承自的类:
@classmethod
def get_subclasses(cls):
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
yield from subclass.get_subclasses()
yield subclass
__init_subclass__
正如提到的其他答案一样,您可以检查__subclasses__
属性以获取子类列表,因为python 3.6可以通过覆盖__init_subclass__
方法。
class PluginBase:
subclasses = []
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
cls.subclasses.append(cls)
class Plugin1(PluginBase):
pass
class Plugin2(PluginBase):
pass
这样,如果您知道自己在做什么,则可以覆盖__subclasses__
此列表的行为并忽略/添加子类。
__init_subclass
父类的。
注意:我看到有人(不是@unutbu)更改了引用的答案,以使其不再使用vars()['Foo']
-因此,我帖子的重点不再适用。
FWIW,这就是我对@unutbu的答案仅适用于本地定义的类的意思-使用eval()
代替代替vars()
将使其适用于任何可访问的类,而不仅限于当前范围内定义的那些类。
对于那些不喜欢使用的人eval()
,还显示了一种避免使用它的方法。
首先,这是一个具体示例,演示使用的潜在问题vars()
:
class Foo(object): pass
class Bar(Foo): pass
class Baz(Foo): pass
class Bing(Bar): pass
# unutbu's approach
def all_subclasses(cls):
return cls.__subclasses__() + [g for s in cls.__subclasses__()
for g in all_subclasses(s)]
print(all_subclasses(vars()['Foo'])) # Fine because Foo is in scope
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
def func(): # won't work because Foo class is not locally defined
print(all_subclasses(vars()['Foo']))
try:
func() # not OK because Foo is not local to func()
except Exception as e:
print('calling func() raised exception: {!r}'.format(e))
# -> calling func() raised exception: KeyError('Foo',)
print(all_subclasses(eval('Foo'))) # OK
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
# using eval('xxx') instead of vars()['xxx']
def func2():
print(all_subclasses(eval('Foo')))
func2() # Works
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
可以通过eval('ClassName')
向下移动到定义的函数中来改进此功能,这使使用起来更容易,同时又不损失使用eval()
不与vars()
上下文无关的不与之相关的其他普遍性:
# easier to use version
def all_subclasses2(classname):
direct_subclasses = eval(classname).__subclasses__()
return direct_subclasses + [g for s in direct_subclasses
for g in all_subclasses2(s.__name__)]
# pass 'xxx' instead of eval('xxx')
def func_ez():
print(all_subclasses2('Foo')) # simpler
func_ez()
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
最后,eval()
出于安全原因,有可能避免使用,甚至在某些情况下甚至很重要,因此下面是一个没有它的版本:
def get_all_subclasses(cls):
""" Generator of all a class's subclasses. """
try:
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
yield subclass
for subclass in get_all_subclasses(subclass):
yield subclass
except TypeError:
return
def all_subclasses3(classname):
for cls in get_all_subclasses(object): # object is base of all new-style classes.
if cls.__name__.split('.')[-1] == classname:
break
else:
raise ValueError('class %s not found' % classname)
direct_subclasses = cls.__subclasses__()
return direct_subclasses + [g for s in direct_subclasses
for g in all_subclasses3(s.__name__)]
# no eval('xxx')
def func3():
print(all_subclasses3('Foo'))
func3() # Also works
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
eval()
-现在更好了吗?
如何找到给定名称的类的所有子类?
如果可以访问对象本身,我们当然可以轻松地做到这一点,是的。
仅仅给出其名称是一个糟糕的主意,因为甚至在同一个模块中定义了多个具有相同名称的类。
我为另一个答案创建了一个实现,由于它可以回答这个问题,并且比此处的其他解决方案要优雅一些,这里是:
def get_subclasses(cls):
"""returns all subclasses of argument, cls"""
if issubclass(cls, type):
subclasses = cls.__subclasses__(cls)
else:
subclasses = cls.__subclasses__()
for subclass in subclasses:
subclasses.extend(get_subclasses(subclass))
return subclasses
用法:
>>> import pprint
>>> list_of_classes = get_subclasses(int)
>>> pprint.pprint(list_of_classes)
[<class 'bool'>,
<enum 'IntEnum'>,
<enum 'IntFlag'>,
<class 'sre_constants._NamedIntConstant'>,
<class 'subprocess.Handle'>,
<enum '_ParameterKind'>,
<enum 'Signals'>,
<enum 'Handlers'>,
<enum 'RegexFlag'>]
这不是使用__subclasses__()
@unutbu提到的特殊内置类方法的好答案,因此我仅作为练习来介绍它。subclasses()
定义的函数返回一个字典,该字典将所有子类名称映射到子类本身。
def traced_subclass(baseclass):
class _SubclassTracer(type):
def __new__(cls, classname, bases, classdict):
obj = type(classname, bases, classdict)
if baseclass in bases: # sanity check
attrname = '_%s__derived' % baseclass.__name__
derived = getattr(baseclass, attrname, {})
derived.update( {classname:obj} )
setattr(baseclass, attrname, derived)
return obj
return _SubclassTracer
def subclasses(baseclass):
attrname = '_%s__derived' % baseclass.__name__
return getattr(baseclass, attrname, None)
class BaseClass(object):
pass
class SubclassA(BaseClass):
__metaclass__ = traced_subclass(BaseClass)
class SubclassB(BaseClass):
__metaclass__ = traced_subclass(BaseClass)
print subclasses(BaseClass)
输出:
{'SubclassB': <class '__main__.SubclassB'>,
'SubclassA': <class '__main__.SubclassA'>}
这是一个没有递归的版本:
def get_subclasses_gen(cls):
def _subclasses(classes, seen):
while True:
subclasses = sum((x.__subclasses__() for x in classes), [])
yield from classes
yield from seen
found = []
if not subclasses:
return
classes = subclasses
seen = found
return _subclasses([cls], [])
这与其他实现不同之处在于它返回原始类。这是因为它使代码更简单,并且:
class Ham(object):
pass
assert(issubclass(Ham, Ham)) # True
如果get_subclasses_gen看起来有点怪异,那是因为它是通过将尾递归实现转换为循环生成器而创建的:
def get_subclasses(cls):
def _subclasses(classes, seen):
subclasses = sum(*(frozenset(x.__subclasses__()) for x in classes))
found = classes + seen
if not subclasses:
return found
return _subclasses(subclasses, found)
return _subclasses([cls], [])