如何使用透明背景制作OpenGL渲染上下文?


99

渲染上下文通常在背景上具有纯色(黑色或其他颜色,请参见下图):

替代文字

我想知道是否可以设置一个没有装饰且具有透明背景的窗口,同时允许我在其上渲染OpenGL。

这会使人产生三角形在屏幕上浮动的错觉。透明的背景应该可以让您看到桌面或背后的其他应用程序。

您能举例说明源代码吗?

平台:Windows(仅Win32)

Answers:


98

花了一些名声在失败的赏金上获得有关此问题的帮助后,我终于意识到我感兴趣的问题有多么复杂。

完成此任务的少数人所占比例不大。在研究过程中,我找到了实现所需目标的不同方法。其中最有趣的一个是AeroGL,它使用迄今为止没有提到的技术来显示代码片段,该技术将图形呈现为与设备无关的位图(DIB)。

为了永久关闭该线程,下面源代码实现了该技术。该代码本身是对此处提供的应用程序的略微修改(这要感谢Andrei Sapronov Y.)。

最终结果可以在下图中看到:

在此处输入图片说明

该代码已在Windows XP(32位)和Windows 8.1(32位)上经过测试。 请享用!

#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>

#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")

#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>

#ifdef  assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif

const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("WS_EX_LAYERED OpenGL");

HDC hDC;            
HGLRC m_hrc;        
int w(240);
int h(240); 

HDC pdcDIB;                 
HBITMAP hbmpDIB;            
void *bmp_cnt(NULL);        
int cxDIB(0); 
int cyDIB(0);   
BITMAPINFOHEADER BIH;       


BOOL initSC()
{
    glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);          
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);            

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);             
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
    glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);

    return 0;
}

void resizeSC(int width,int height)
{
    glViewport(0,0,width,height);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
    glLoadIdentity();
}

BOOL renderSC()
{   
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

    glPushMatrix();

    glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);                              // Drawing Using Triangles
        glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Red
        glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Top
        glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Green
        glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Left
        glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);                      // Set The Color To Blue
        glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Right
    glEnd();

    glPopMatrix();
    glFlush();

    return 0;
}

// DIB -> hDC
void draw(HDC pdcDest)
{
    assert(pdcDIB);

    verify(BitBlt(pdcDest, 0, 0, w, h, pdcDIB, 0, 0, SRCCOPY));
}

void CreateDIB(int cx, int cy)
{
    assert(cx > 0); 
    assert(cy > 0);

    cxDIB = cx ;
    cyDIB = cy ;

    int iSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);   
    memset(&BIH, 0, iSize);

    BIH.biSize = iSize;
    BIH.biWidth = cx;   
    BIH.biHeight = cy;  
    BIH.biPlanes = 1;   
    BIH.biBitCount = 24;    
    BIH.biCompression = BI_RGB;

    if(pdcDIB) 
        verify(DeleteDC(pdcDIB));

    pdcDIB = CreateCompatibleDC(NULL);
    assert(pdcDIB);

    if(hbmpDIB) 
        verify(DeleteObject(hbmpDIB));

    hbmpDIB = CreateDIBSection(
        pdcDIB,         
        (BITMAPINFO*)&BIH,  
        DIB_RGB_COLORS,     
        &bmp_cnt,       
        NULL,
        0);

    assert(hbmpDIB);
    assert(bmp_cnt);

    if(hbmpDIB)
        SelectObject(pdcDIB, hbmpDIB);
}

BOOL CreateHGLRC()
{
    DWORD dwFlags = PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DRAW_TO_BITMAP;

    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd ;
    memset(&pfd,0, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR)) ;
    pfd.nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR); 
    pfd.nVersion = 1;                       
    pfd.dwFlags =  dwFlags ;                
    pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA ;        
    pfd.cColorBits = 24 ;                   
    pfd.cDepthBits = 32 ;                   
    pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE ;       

   int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(pdcDIB, &pfd);
   if (PixelFormat == 0){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(pdcDIB, PixelFormat, &pfd);
   if (bResult==FALSE){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   m_hrc = wglCreateContext(pdcDIB);
   if (!m_hrc){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE;
   }

   return TRUE;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;

    switch(msg) 
    {
        case WM_ERASEBKGND:
            return 0;
        break;

        case WM_CREATE:
        break;

        case WM_DESTROY:
            if(m_hrc)
            {
                wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
                wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
            }
            PostQuitMessage(0) ;
        break;

        case WM_PAINT:
            hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
            renderSC(); // OpenGL -> DIB
            draw(hDC);  // DIB -> hDC
            EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
        break;

        case WM_SIZE:
            w = LOWORD(lParam); h = HIWORD(lParam);         
            wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
            wglDeleteContext(m_hrc);

            CreateDIB(w, h);
            CreateHGLRC();
            verify(wglMakeCurrent(pdcDIB, m_hrc));

            initSC();
            resizeSC(w, h);
            renderSC();
        break;

        default: 
            return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
    }

    return 0;
}

int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode)
{   
    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
    wc.cbClsExtra  = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra  = 0;
    wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW);
    wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;

    if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc))
    {
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_LAYERED, szAppName, wcWndName,
                    WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
                    NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);
    if(!hWnd){
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    verify(SetLayeredWindowAttributes(hWnd, 0x0, 0, LWA_COLORKEY));

    MSG msg;
    while(1) 
    {
        while (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_NOREMOVE)){
            if (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
            {
                TranslateMessage(&msg);
                DispatchMessage(&msg);
            }
            else return 0;
        }
    } 

    return (FALSE); 
}

6
值得一提的是,这种技术不适用于复杂的渲染和图形动画。将CPU的每一帧数据都复制到RAM上对CPU的要求很高,导致FPS较低。检查这个答案的评论:stackoverflow.com/questions/4780756/...
karlphillip

1
请注意,在Windows Vista和Windows 7中,您可以实现与下面的x11argb演示完全相同的效果。PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR支持新的标志以启用合成。不过,我尚未为此创建演示。不过直到四月份我才有时间再做。
datenwolf 2012年

38

由于到目前为止给出的所有答案仅针对Windows,但是肯定也需要在X11上使用复合窗口管理器执行此操作,以供参考,我在此处发布了示例代码(也可以在https://github.com/datenwolf上找到)/codesamples/blob/master/samples/OpenGL/x11argb_opengl/x11argb_opengl.c

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
 * A demonstration of OpenGL in a  ARGB window 
 *    => support for composited window transparency
 *
 * (c) 2011 by Wolfgang 'datenwolf' Draxinger
 *     See me at comp.graphics.api.opengl and StackOverflow.com

 * License agreement: This source code is provided "as is". You
 * can use this source code however you want for your own personal
 * use. If you give this source code to anybody else then you must
 * leave this message in it.
 *
 * This program is based on the simplest possible 
 * Linux OpenGL program by FTB (see info below)

  The simplest possible Linux OpenGL program? Maybe...

  (c) 2002 by FTB. See me in comp.graphics.api.opengl

  --
  <\___/>
  / O O \
  \_____/  FTB.

------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>
#include <GL/glxext.h>
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
#include <X11/extensions/Xrender.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>

#define USE_CHOOSE_FBCONFIG

static void fatalError(const char *why)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s", why);
    exit(0x666);
}

static int Xscreen;
static Atom del_atom;
static Colormap cmap;
static Display *Xdisplay;
static XVisualInfo *visual;
static XRenderPictFormat *pict_format;
static GLXFBConfig *fbconfigs, fbconfig;
static int numfbconfigs;
static GLXContext render_context;
static Window Xroot, window_handle;
static GLXWindow glX_window_handle;
static int width, height;

static int VisData[] = {
GLX_RENDER_TYPE, GLX_RGBA_BIT,
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE, GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, True,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 8,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,
None
};

static int isExtensionSupported(const char *extList, const char *extension)
{

  const char *start;
  const char *where, *terminator;

  /* Extension names should not have spaces. */
  where = strchr(extension, ' ');
  if ( where || *extension == '\0' )
    return 0;

  /* It takes a bit of care to be fool-proof about parsing the
     OpenGL extensions string. Don't be fooled by sub-strings,
     etc. */
  for ( start = extList; ; ) {
    where = strstr( start, extension );

    if ( !where )
      break;

    terminator = where + strlen( extension );

    if ( where == start || *(where - 1) == ' ' )
      if ( *terminator == ' ' || *terminator == '\0' )
        return 1;

    start = terminator;
  }
  return 0;
}

static Bool WaitForMapNotify(Display *d, XEvent *e, char *arg)
{    
    return d && e && arg && (e->type == MapNotify) && (e->xmap.window == *(Window*)arg);
}

static void describe_fbconfig(GLXFBConfig fbconfig)
{
    int doublebuffer;
    int red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits;

    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, &doublebuffer);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RED_SIZE, &red_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_GREEN_SIZE, &green_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_BLUE_SIZE, &blue_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, &alpha_bits);
    glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, &depth_bits);

    fprintf(stderr, "FBConfig selected:\n"
        "Doublebuffer: %s\n"
        "Red Bits: %d, Green Bits: %d, Blue Bits: %d, Alpha Bits: %d, Depth Bits: %d\n",
        doublebuffer == True ? "Yes" : "No", 
        red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits);
}

static void createTheWindow()
{
    XEvent event;
    int x,y, attr_mask;
    XSizeHints hints;
    XWMHints *startup_state;
    XTextProperty textprop;
    XSetWindowAttributes attr = {0,};
    static char *title = "FTB's little OpenGL example - ARGB extension by WXD";

    Xdisplay = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
    if (!Xdisplay) {
        fatalError("Couldn't connect to X server\n");
    }
    Xscreen = DefaultScreen(Xdisplay);
    Xroot = RootWindow(Xdisplay, Xscreen);

    fbconfigs = glXChooseFBConfig(Xdisplay, Xscreen, VisData, &numfbconfigs);
    fbconfig = 0;
    for(int i = 0; i<numfbconfigs; i++) {
        visual = (XVisualInfo*) glXGetVisualFromFBConfig(Xdisplay, fbconfigs[i]);
        if(!visual)
            continue;

        pict_format = XRenderFindVisualFormat(Xdisplay, visual->visual);
        if(!pict_format)
            continue;

        fbconfig = fbconfigs[i];
        if(pict_format->direct.alphaMask > 0) {
            break;
        }
    }

    if(!fbconfig) {
        fatalError("No matching FB config found");
    }

    describe_fbconfig(fbconfig);

    /* Create a colormap - only needed on some X clients, eg. IRIX */
    cmap = XCreateColormap(Xdisplay, Xroot, visual->visual, AllocNone);

    attr.colormap = cmap;
    attr.background_pixmap = None;
    attr.border_pixmap = None;
    attr.border_pixel = 0;
    attr.event_mask =
        StructureNotifyMask |
        EnterWindowMask |
        LeaveWindowMask |
        ExposureMask |
        ButtonPressMask |
        ButtonReleaseMask |
        OwnerGrabButtonMask |
        KeyPressMask |
        KeyReleaseMask;

    attr_mask = 
        CWBackPixmap|
        CWColormap|
        CWBorderPixel|
        CWEventMask;

    width = DisplayWidth(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
    height = DisplayHeight(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
    x=width/2, y=height/2;

    window_handle = XCreateWindow(  Xdisplay,
                    Xroot,
                    x, y, width, height,
                    0,
                    visual->depth,
                    InputOutput,
                    visual->visual,
                    attr_mask, &attr);

    if( !window_handle ) {
        fatalError("Couldn't create the window\n");
    }

#if USE_GLX_CREATE_WINDOW
    int glXattr[] = { None };
    glX_window_handle = glXCreateWindow(Xdisplay, fbconfig, window_handle, glXattr);
    if( !glX_window_handle ) {
        fatalError("Couldn't create the GLX window\n");
    }
#else
    glX_window_handle = window_handle;
#endif

    textprop.value = (unsigned char*)title;
    textprop.encoding = XA_STRING;
    textprop.format = 8;
    textprop.nitems = strlen(title);

    hints.x = x;
    hints.y = y;
    hints.width = width;
    hints.height = height;
    hints.flags = USPosition|USSize;

    startup_state = XAllocWMHints();
    startup_state->initial_state = NormalState;
    startup_state->flags = StateHint;

    XSetWMProperties(Xdisplay, window_handle,&textprop, &textprop,
            NULL, 0,
            &hints,
            startup_state,
            NULL);

    XFree(startup_state);

    XMapWindow(Xdisplay, window_handle);
    XIfEvent(Xdisplay, &event, WaitForMapNotify, (char*)&window_handle);

    if ((del_atom = XInternAtom(Xdisplay, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", 0)) != None) {
        XSetWMProtocols(Xdisplay, window_handle, &del_atom, 1);
    }
}

static int ctxErrorHandler( Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ev )
{
    fputs("Error at context creation", stderr);
    return 0;
}

static void createTheRenderContext()
{
    int dummy;
    if (!glXQueryExtension(Xdisplay, &dummy, &dummy)) {
        fatalError("OpenGL not supported by X server\n");
    }

#if USE_GLX_CREATE_CONTEXT_ATTRIB
    #define GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB       0x2091
    #define GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB       0x2092
    render_context = NULL;
    if( isExtensionSupported( glXQueryExtensionsString(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay)), "GLX_ARB_create_context" ) ) {
        typedef GLXContext (*glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)(Display*, GLXFBConfig, GLXContext, Bool, const int*);
        glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc glXCreateContextAttribsARB = (glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)glXGetProcAddressARB( (const GLubyte *) "glXCreateContextAttribsARB" );
        if( glXCreateContextAttribsARB ) {
            int context_attribs[] =
            {
                GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
                GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
                //GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB        , GLX_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
                None
            };

            int (*oldHandler)(Display*, XErrorEvent*) = XSetErrorHandler(&ctxErrorHandler);

            render_context = glXCreateContextAttribsARB( Xdisplay, fbconfig, 0, True, context_attribs );

            XSync( Xdisplay, False );
            XSetErrorHandler( oldHandler );

            fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB failed", stderr);
        } else {
            fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB could not be retrieved", stderr);
        }
    } else {
            fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB not supported", stderr);
    }

    if(!render_context)
    {
#else
    {
#endif
        render_context = glXCreateNewContext(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RGBA_TYPE, 0, True);
        if (!render_context) {
            fatalError("Failed to create a GL context\n");
        }
    }

    if (!glXMakeContextCurrent(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle, glX_window_handle, render_context)) {
        fatalError("glXMakeCurrent failed for window\n");
    }
}

static int updateTheMessageQueue()
{
    XEvent event;
    XConfigureEvent *xc;

    while (XPending(Xdisplay))
    {
        XNextEvent(Xdisplay, &event);
        switch (event.type)
        {
        case ClientMessage:
            if (event.xclient.data.l[0] == del_atom)
            {
                return 0;
            }
        break;

        case ConfigureNotify:
            xc = &(event.xconfigure);
            width = xc->width;
            height = xc->height;
            break;
        }
    }
    return 1;
}

/*  6----7
   /|   /|
  3----2 |
  | 5--|-4
  |/   |/
  0----1

*/

GLfloat cube_vertices[][8] =  {
    /*  X     Y     Z   Nx   Ny   Nz    S    T */
    {-1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 0
    { 1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 1
    { 1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 2
    {-1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 3

    { 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 4
    {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 5
    {-1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 6
    { 1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 7

    {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
    {-1.0, -1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 0
    {-1.0,  1.0,  1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 3
    {-1.0,  1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6

    { 1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 1
    { 1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
    { 1.0,  1.0, -1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
    { 1.0,  1.0,  1.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 2

    {-1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
    { 1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
    { 1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 1
    {-1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 0

    {-1.0, 1.0,  1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 3
    { 1.0, 1.0,  1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 2
    { 1.0, 1.0, -1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
    {-1.0, 1.0, -1.0,  0.0,  1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6
};

static void draw_cube(void)
{
    glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
    glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);

    glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][0]);
    glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][3]);
    glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][6]);

    glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 24);
}

float const light0_dir[]={0,1,0,0};
float const light0_color[]={78./255., 80./255., 184./255.,1};

float const light1_dir[]={-1,1,1,0};
float const light1_color[]={255./255., 220./255., 97./255.,1};

float const light2_dir[]={0,-1,0,0};
float const light2_color[]={31./255., 75./255., 16./255.,1};

static void redrawTheWindow()
{
    float const aspect = (float)width / (float)height;

    static float a=0;
    static float b=0;
    static float c=0;

    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);

    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

    // Clear with alpha = 0.0, i.e. full transparency
        glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();
    glFrustum(-aspect, aspect, -1, 1, 2.5, 10);

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
    glLoadIdentity();

    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_dir);
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light0_color);

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, light1_dir);
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, light1_color);

    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, light2_dir);
    glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_DIFFUSE, light2_color);

    glTranslatef(0., 0., -5.);

    glRotatef(a, 1, 0, 0);
    glRotatef(b, 0, 1, 0);
    glRotatef(c, 0, 0, 1);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT1);
    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);

    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
    glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);

    glColor4f(1., 1., 1., 0.5);

    glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
    draw_cube();
    glCullFace(GL_BACK);
    draw_cube();

    a = fmod(a+0.1, 360.);
    b = fmod(b+0.5, 360.);
    c = fmod(c+0.25, 360.);

    glXSwapBuffers(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    createTheWindow();
    createTheRenderContext();

    while (updateTheMessageQueue()) {
        redrawTheWindow();
    }

    return 0;
}

主要技巧是获得正确的FBConfig。您需要询问一个Alpha通道测试相关XRenderPictFormat的Alpha遮罩。


6
哇!难以置信!我用编译g++ gl_transparent.cpp -o gl_transparent -lGL -lX11 -lXext -lXrender。如果这些天我们仍然在做这样的事情,这可能会成为社区Wiki。
karlphillip 2012年

@karlphillip:在我的github仓库中,您已经找到了一个makefile。该演示的一个变体使用片段着色器添加波浪效果–仅用于eyecandy。不幸的是,不可能将“背景”合并到着色器效果中,因为整个背景仅在所有窗口绘制了其内容之后才由合成器创建。
datenwolf 2012年

我明白。感谢您的注意。
karlphillip 2012年

1
@datenwolf我原本是寻求帮助的,但是我成功地将您的代码转换为现代OpenGL。我将在此处稍稍发布我的解决方案,以供将来参考。
syk435 2014年

1
非常感谢您的教程。我也希望它没有边界。我想使用opengl制作橡皮筋(在屏幕上绘制矩形),但没有找到示例。
肯2014年

30

我知道Windows 7可以做到这一点,不确定较早的版本。

要摆脱窗口边框,您需要WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW从窗口中删除样式并添加WS_POPUP样式:

DWORD style = ::GetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE);
style &= ~WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW;
style |= WS_POPUP;
::SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE, style);

要使OpenGL窗口的背景透明,您将需要使用以下DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow函数:

DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE;
bb.fEnable = true;
bb.hRgnBlur = NULL;
DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);

调用时,您还需要将alpha值指定为0 glClearColor

glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f);

另外,在创建OpenGL上下文时,请确保分配一个Alpha通道。

现在您的背景应该是完全透明的。如果保留窗口装饰,则背景将使用Aero模糊外观,并且您可以使用中的alpha值来调整透明度glClearColor


5
谢谢,但是DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow()是DWM的一部分,它不属于Win32 API。该解决方案适用于Windows Vista及更高版本。
karlphillip 2010年

@karlphilip:Vista之前的Windows:没有桌面合成功能,因此,我不确定您是否可以在其中进行出色的合成。
Macke 2010年

@karlphilip。抱歉,我个人还没有使用XP的透明OpenGL窗口,但是我记得在OpenGL论坛上看到过有关它的文章。:试图了解更多信息希望通过下面的搜索结果google.com/...
flashk

1
这确实很有帮助,但是我想添加以下内容:对我来说,上述方法使用默认的Win7模糊和假光反射渲染了所有背景。为了摆脱模糊的,并得到一个completeley透明窗口,我的设置bb.hRgnBlur参数CreateRectRgn(0, 0, 1, 1);,并bb.dwFlagsDWM_BB_ENABLE | DWM_BB_BLURREGION;。这将恰好模糊一个像素,并将窗口的其余部分(用glClear清除)显示为完全透明。
pholz 2013年

当我尝试这个时,我得到了identifier "DWM_BLURBEHIND" is undefined。我需要包括一个图书馆吗?
Stevoisiak

22

这是一个老问题,但是由于datenwolf暗示,对于opengl,较新版本的Windows具有合成和支持功能,因此我们可以使用一些特殊的工具来实现此目的。尽管它与DirectX无关紧要(请看图……),Microsoft确实向opengl上下文添加了合成提示。耶反托人的恐惧!

因此,我们可以让合成引擎仅了解如何利用opengl上下文,而不是进行低效的“复制到物理内存”操作。

因此,您必须使用像素格式创建一个opengl上下文,该像素格式指定一个alpha通道,并且应该使用合成(第82行)。然后,使用DwmApi.h例程启用具有指定完全无效区域的模糊窗口(第179行),这将不模糊任何内容并使窗口保持透明。(您需要在window类上指定黑色+透明画笔!奇怪!)然后,您实际上只是像以前那样使用opengl。在事件循环中,只要有机会,就可以绘制和交换缓冲区(第201行),并记住启用GL_BLEND!:)

请查看/分叉https://gist.github.com/3644466,或者仅使用OP自身的答案,使用此技术查看以下代码片段(您可以将其放入一个空项目中):

#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>

#include <dwmapi.h>

#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")

#pragma comment (lib, "dwmapi.lib")

#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>

#ifdef  assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif

const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("TransparentGL");

HDC hDC;            
HGLRC m_hrc;        
int w = 240;
int h = 240;

BOOL initSC() {
    glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);        
    glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

    glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);          
    glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);            

    glEnable(GL_BLEND);             
    glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
    glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);

    return 0;
}

void resizeSC(int width,int height) {
    glViewport(0,0,width,height);
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
    glLoadIdentity();

    glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
    glLoadIdentity();
}

BOOL renderSC() {
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

    glPushMatrix();

    glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
    glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);                              // Drawing Using Triangles
        glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Red
        glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Top
        glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);                      // Set The Color To Green
        glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Left
        glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);                      // Set The Color To Blue
        glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f);                  // Bottom Right
    glEnd();

    glPopMatrix();
    glFlush();

    return 0;
}

BOOL CreateHGLRC(HWND hWnd) {
    PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = {
      sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR),
      1,                                // Version Number
      PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW      |         // Format Must Support Window
      PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL      |         // Format Must Support OpenGL
      PFD_SUPPORT_COMPOSITION |         // Format Must Support Composition
      PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER,                 // Must Support Double Buffering
      PFD_TYPE_RGBA,                    // Request An RGBA Format
      32,                               // Select Our Color Depth
      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,                 // Color Bits Ignored
      8,                                // An Alpha Buffer
      0,                                // Shift Bit Ignored
      0,                                // No Accumulation Buffer
      0, 0, 0, 0,                       // Accumulation Bits Ignored
      24,                               // 16Bit Z-Buffer (Depth Buffer)
      8,                                // Some Stencil Buffer
      0,                                // No Auxiliary Buffer
      PFD_MAIN_PLANE,                   // Main Drawing Layer
      0,                                // Reserved
      0, 0, 0                           // Layer Masks Ignored
   };     

   HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
   int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(hdc, &pfd);
   if (PixelFormat == 0) {
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(hdc, PixelFormat, &pfd);
   if (bResult==FALSE) {
      assert(0);
      return FALSE ;
   }

   m_hrc = wglCreateContext(hdc);
   if (!m_hrc){
      assert(0);
      return FALSE;
   }

   ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);

   return TRUE;
}

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
    PAINTSTRUCT ps;

    switch(msg) {
        case WM_CREATE:
        break;

        case WM_DESTROY:
            if(m_hrc) {
                wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
                wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
            }
            PostQuitMessage(0) ;
        break;

        default: 
            return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
    }

    return 0;
}

int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode) {
    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
    wc.cbClsExtra  = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra  = 0;
    wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)CreateSolidBrush(0x00000000);
    wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;

    if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, szAppName, wcWndName,
                    WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
                    NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);

    if(!hWnd) {
        MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
        return FALSE;
    }

    DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
    HRGN hRgn = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, -1, -1);
    bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE | DWM_BB_BLURREGION;
    bb.hRgnBlur = hRgn;
    bb.fEnable = TRUE;
    DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);

    CreateHGLRC(hWnd);

    HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
    wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);
    initSC();
    resizeSC(w, h);
    ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);

    MSG msg;  
    while(1) {
        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
            TranslateMessage(&msg);
            DispatchMessage(&msg);
        }
        else {
            HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
            wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);

            renderSC();

            SwapBuffers(hdc);
            ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
        }
    } 

    return (FALSE); 
}

4
在Win 7上效果很好。当我使窗口大小完全等于屏幕大小时,背景变为黑色而不是透明(好像Aero假定窗口是全屏的,即使实际上不是这样)。我可以通过使窗口比屏幕高1像素来解决此问题,例如,将其window_x = 0, window_y = -1, window_width = screen_width, window_height = screen_height + 1用作传递给CreateWindowEx的值,然后glViewport(0, 0, screen_width, screen_height)像往常一样调用。
约翰·梅勒

辉煌的答案!正是我所需要的。所有其他答案都显示了绘制到屏幕外缓冲区的方法,然后将其BitBlt()绘制到可见的绘制上下文,这非常慢,不适用于任何严重的应用程序。
Jurlie

10

如果允许OpenGL窗口分层,这将非常容易。但是它们不是,所以您必须去别的东西。

您可以做的是创建一个分层的窗口(WS_EX_LAYERED + SetLayeredWindowAttributes()-如果您不知道,请使用Google'em)来处理透明度,并创建一个隐藏的OpenGL窗口进行渲染。将OpenGL场景渲染到屏幕外的缓冲区中,将其读回并与分层窗口共享,然后使用bitblt(GDI功能)将其渲染到分层窗口。

对于非常复杂的内容来说,这可能太慢了,但是可以满足您的要求,并且可以在Windows 2000及更高版本上运行。

编辑:当涉及到创建实际的屏幕外缓冲区时,帧缓冲区对象(FBO)可能是您最好的选择。您可以只在隐藏的OpenGL窗口上绘制,尽管我想我想起有人发布过有关像素所有权问题的帖子-建议使用FBO。您也可以使用像素缓冲区(pbuffers),但是这些缓冲区已经过时了(加盖了“旧版”),FBO被认为是实现此目的的现代方法。FBO应该为您提供硬件加速(如果支持),并且本身不会限制您使用特定的OpenGL版本。您需要一个OpenGL上下文才能使用它,因此您必须创建该隐藏的OpenGL窗口并从那里设置FBO。

以下是有关FBO的一些资源:
Wikipedia
FBO
Gamedev文章
指南(适用于Mac,但可能会有所帮助)


这类似于我的建议。将OpenGL场景渲染到内存(FBO或类似设备),然后使用glReadPixels存储到位图对象中。然后,您可以选择透明颜色,然后使用GDI将其固定在屏幕上。
Giawa


2

我知道这很旧,但是我试图将Xlib解决方案移植到Gtk +。经过大量研究,我终于做到了,所以我真的很想在这里与有需要的人分享。

#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <gdk/gdkscreen.h>
#include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h>
#include <gtk/gtkgl.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>

static gboolean supports_alpha = FALSE;

/***
 *** Configure the OpenGL framebuffer.
***/
static GdkGLConfig* configure_gl(void)
{
    GdkGLConfig* glconfig;

    /* Try double-buffered visual */
    glconfig = gdk_gl_config_new_by_mode(GDK_GL_MODE_RGBA |
        GDK_GL_MODE_ALPHA |
        GDK_GL_MODE_DEPTH |
        GDK_GL_MODE_DOUBLE);
    if (glconfig == NULL)
    {
        printf("Cannot find the double-buffered visual.\n");
        printf("No appropriate OpenGL-capable visual found.\n");
        exit(1);
    }
    printf("Find GLConfig with alpha channel.\n");
    return glconfig;
}

static void screen_changed(GtkWidget* widget, GdkScreen* old_screen, gpointer userdata)
{
    /* To check if the display supports alpha channels, get the colormap */
    GdkScreen* screen = gtk_widget_get_screen(widget);
    GdkColormap* colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgba_colormap(screen);

    if (!colormap)
    {
        printf("Your screen does not support alpha channels!\n");
        colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgb_colormap(screen);
        supports_alpha = FALSE;
    }
    else
    {
        printf("Your screen supports alpha channels!\n");
        supports_alpha = TRUE;
    }

    gtk_widget_set_colormap(widget, colormap);
}

static gboolean expose(GtkWidget* widget, GdkEventExpose* event, gpointer userdata)
{
    GdkGLContext* glcontext = gtk_widget_get_gl_context(widget);
    GdkGLDrawable* gldrawable = gtk_widget_get_gl_drawable(widget);

    if (!gdk_gl_drawable_gl_begin(gldrawable, glcontext))
    {
        return FALSE;
    }

    glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);

    glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

    glBegin(GL_QUADS);
    glColor4f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f);
    glVertex3f(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0);
    glVertex3f(+0.5f, -0.5f, 0);
    glVertex3f(+0.5f, +0.5f, 0);
    glVertex3f(-0.5f, +0.5f, 0);
    glEnd();

    gdk_gl_drawable_swap_buffers(gldrawable);

    gdk_gl_drawable_gl_end(gldrawable);
    return TRUE;
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    gtk_init(&argc, &argv);

    GtkWidget* window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);

    /* Added to config GLConfig */
    GdkGLConfig* glconfig = configure_gl();
    gtk_widget_set_gl_capability(window,
        glconfig,
        NULL,
        TRUE,
        GDK_GL_RGBA_TYPE);

    gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
    gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 400, 400);
    gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Alpha Demo");
    g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "delete-event", gtk_main_quit, NULL);

    gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);

    g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(expose), NULL);
    g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "screen-changed", G_CALLBACK(screen_changed), NULL);

    screen_changed(window, NULL, NULL);

    gtk_widget_show_all(window);
    gtk_main();

    return 0;
}

与编译gcc main.c -o main `pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0 gtkglext-1.0`。在Ubuntu 18.04上进行了测试(除了gtk之外,您还需要安装libgtkglext1-dev)。

编辑

我将渲染代码从简单的a glClear更改为矩形。

该代码是该问题以及该问题的改进版本。

在此处输入图片说明


有趣的是,您共享的链接之一也来自我的另一个答案。确保对所有内容进行投票。如果您共享该程序正在运行的屏幕截图,以便我们知道它的外观,那么我将对该答案进行投票。
karlphillip

哦,对不起,因为尽管我经常使用stackoverflow(来自google),但我忘记了密码并且没有登录很长时间。我将来会这样做。也感谢其他答案。
Wu Zhenwei

并感谢您的建议。我将尝试添加屏幕截图以进行改进,但是否投票仍由您自己选择。@karlphillip
吴振伟

该屏幕截图将为您的答案增加很多价值。
karlphillip,


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