Answers:
花了一些名声在失败的赏金上获得有关此问题的帮助后,我终于意识到我感兴趣的问题有多么复杂。
完成此任务的少数人所占比例不大。在研究过程中,我找到了实现所需目标的不同方法。其中最有趣的一个是AeroGL,它使用迄今为止没有提到的技术来显示代码片段,该技术将图形呈现为与设备无关的位图(DIB)。
为了永久关闭该线程,下面的源代码实现了该技术。该代码本身是对此处提供的应用程序的略微修改(这要感谢Andrei Sapronov Y.)。
最终结果可以在下图中看到:
该代码已在Windows XP(32位)和Windows 8.1(32位)上经过测试。 请享用!
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500
#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")
#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#ifdef assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif
const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("WS_EX_LAYERED OpenGL");
HDC hDC;
HGLRC m_hrc;
int w(240);
int h(240);
HDC pdcDIB;
HBITMAP hbmpDIB;
void *bmp_cnt(NULL);
int cxDIB(0);
int cyDIB(0);
BITMAPINFOHEADER BIH;
BOOL initSC()
{
glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
return 0;
}
void resizeSC(int width,int height)
{
glViewport(0,0,width,height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
glLoadIdentity();
}
BOOL renderSC()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();
glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); // Drawing Using Triangles
glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Red
glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); // Top
glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Green
glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Left
glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // Set The Color To Blue
glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Right
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
return 0;
}
// DIB -> hDC
void draw(HDC pdcDest)
{
assert(pdcDIB);
verify(BitBlt(pdcDest, 0, 0, w, h, pdcDIB, 0, 0, SRCCOPY));
}
void CreateDIB(int cx, int cy)
{
assert(cx > 0);
assert(cy > 0);
cxDIB = cx ;
cyDIB = cy ;
int iSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
memset(&BIH, 0, iSize);
BIH.biSize = iSize;
BIH.biWidth = cx;
BIH.biHeight = cy;
BIH.biPlanes = 1;
BIH.biBitCount = 24;
BIH.biCompression = BI_RGB;
if(pdcDIB)
verify(DeleteDC(pdcDIB));
pdcDIB = CreateCompatibleDC(NULL);
assert(pdcDIB);
if(hbmpDIB)
verify(DeleteObject(hbmpDIB));
hbmpDIB = CreateDIBSection(
pdcDIB,
(BITMAPINFO*)&BIH,
DIB_RGB_COLORS,
&bmp_cnt,
NULL,
0);
assert(hbmpDIB);
assert(bmp_cnt);
if(hbmpDIB)
SelectObject(pdcDIB, hbmpDIB);
}
BOOL CreateHGLRC()
{
DWORD dwFlags = PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DRAW_TO_BITMAP;
PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd ;
memset(&pfd,0, sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR)) ;
pfd.nSize = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR);
pfd.nVersion = 1;
pfd.dwFlags = dwFlags ;
pfd.iPixelType = PFD_TYPE_RGBA ;
pfd.cColorBits = 24 ;
pfd.cDepthBits = 32 ;
pfd.iLayerType = PFD_MAIN_PLANE ;
int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(pdcDIB, &pfd);
if (PixelFormat == 0){
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(pdcDIB, PixelFormat, &pfd);
if (bResult==FALSE){
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
m_hrc = wglCreateContext(pdcDIB);
if (!m_hrc){
assert(0);
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
switch(msg)
{
case WM_ERASEBKGND:
return 0;
break;
case WM_CREATE:
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
if(m_hrc)
{
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
}
PostQuitMessage(0) ;
break;
case WM_PAINT:
hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
renderSC(); // OpenGL -> DIB
draw(hDC); // DIB -> hDC
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
break;
case WM_SIZE:
w = LOWORD(lParam); h = HIWORD(lParam);
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(m_hrc);
CreateDIB(w, h);
CreateHGLRC();
verify(wglMakeCurrent(pdcDIB, m_hrc));
initSC();
resizeSC(w, h);
renderSC();
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}
return 0;
}
int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode)
{
WNDCLASSEX wc;
memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW);
wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc))
{
MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_LAYERED, szAppName, wcWndName,
WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);
if(!hWnd){
MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
verify(SetLayeredWindowAttributes(hWnd, 0x0, 0, LWA_COLORKEY));
MSG msg;
while(1)
{
while (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_NOREMOVE)){
if (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else return 0;
}
}
return (FALSE);
}
由于到目前为止给出的所有答案仅针对Windows,但是肯定也需要在X11上使用复合窗口管理器执行此操作,以供参考,我在此处发布了示例代码(也可以在https://github.com/datenwolf上找到)/codesamples/blob/master/samples/OpenGL/x11argb_opengl/x11argb_opengl.c
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------
* A demonstration of OpenGL in a ARGB window
* => support for composited window transparency
*
* (c) 2011 by Wolfgang 'datenwolf' Draxinger
* See me at comp.graphics.api.opengl and StackOverflow.com
* License agreement: This source code is provided "as is". You
* can use this source code however you want for your own personal
* use. If you give this source code to anybody else then you must
* leave this message in it.
*
* This program is based on the simplest possible
* Linux OpenGL program by FTB (see info below)
The simplest possible Linux OpenGL program? Maybe...
(c) 2002 by FTB. See me in comp.graphics.api.opengl
--
<\___/>
/ O O \
\_____/ FTB.
------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glx.h>
#include <GL/glxext.h>
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
#include <X11/extensions/Xrender.h>
#include <X11/Xutil.h>
#define USE_CHOOSE_FBCONFIG
static void fatalError(const char *why)
{
fprintf(stderr, "%s", why);
exit(0x666);
}
static int Xscreen;
static Atom del_atom;
static Colormap cmap;
static Display *Xdisplay;
static XVisualInfo *visual;
static XRenderPictFormat *pict_format;
static GLXFBConfig *fbconfigs, fbconfig;
static int numfbconfigs;
static GLXContext render_context;
static Window Xroot, window_handle;
static GLXWindow glX_window_handle;
static int width, height;
static int VisData[] = {
GLX_RENDER_TYPE, GLX_RGBA_BIT,
GLX_DRAWABLE_TYPE, GLX_WINDOW_BIT,
GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, True,
GLX_RED_SIZE, 8,
GLX_GREEN_SIZE, 8,
GLX_BLUE_SIZE, 8,
GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, 8,
GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, 16,
None
};
static int isExtensionSupported(const char *extList, const char *extension)
{
const char *start;
const char *where, *terminator;
/* Extension names should not have spaces. */
where = strchr(extension, ' ');
if ( where || *extension == '\0' )
return 0;
/* It takes a bit of care to be fool-proof about parsing the
OpenGL extensions string. Don't be fooled by sub-strings,
etc. */
for ( start = extList; ; ) {
where = strstr( start, extension );
if ( !where )
break;
terminator = where + strlen( extension );
if ( where == start || *(where - 1) == ' ' )
if ( *terminator == ' ' || *terminator == '\0' )
return 1;
start = terminator;
}
return 0;
}
static Bool WaitForMapNotify(Display *d, XEvent *e, char *arg)
{
return d && e && arg && (e->type == MapNotify) && (e->xmap.window == *(Window*)arg);
}
static void describe_fbconfig(GLXFBConfig fbconfig)
{
int doublebuffer;
int red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits;
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DOUBLEBUFFER, &doublebuffer);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RED_SIZE, &red_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_GREEN_SIZE, &green_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_BLUE_SIZE, &blue_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_ALPHA_SIZE, &alpha_bits);
glXGetFBConfigAttrib(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_DEPTH_SIZE, &depth_bits);
fprintf(stderr, "FBConfig selected:\n"
"Doublebuffer: %s\n"
"Red Bits: %d, Green Bits: %d, Blue Bits: %d, Alpha Bits: %d, Depth Bits: %d\n",
doublebuffer == True ? "Yes" : "No",
red_bits, green_bits, blue_bits, alpha_bits, depth_bits);
}
static void createTheWindow()
{
XEvent event;
int x,y, attr_mask;
XSizeHints hints;
XWMHints *startup_state;
XTextProperty textprop;
XSetWindowAttributes attr = {0,};
static char *title = "FTB's little OpenGL example - ARGB extension by WXD";
Xdisplay = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
if (!Xdisplay) {
fatalError("Couldn't connect to X server\n");
}
Xscreen = DefaultScreen(Xdisplay);
Xroot = RootWindow(Xdisplay, Xscreen);
fbconfigs = glXChooseFBConfig(Xdisplay, Xscreen, VisData, &numfbconfigs);
fbconfig = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<numfbconfigs; i++) {
visual = (XVisualInfo*) glXGetVisualFromFBConfig(Xdisplay, fbconfigs[i]);
if(!visual)
continue;
pict_format = XRenderFindVisualFormat(Xdisplay, visual->visual);
if(!pict_format)
continue;
fbconfig = fbconfigs[i];
if(pict_format->direct.alphaMask > 0) {
break;
}
}
if(!fbconfig) {
fatalError("No matching FB config found");
}
describe_fbconfig(fbconfig);
/* Create a colormap - only needed on some X clients, eg. IRIX */
cmap = XCreateColormap(Xdisplay, Xroot, visual->visual, AllocNone);
attr.colormap = cmap;
attr.background_pixmap = None;
attr.border_pixmap = None;
attr.border_pixel = 0;
attr.event_mask =
StructureNotifyMask |
EnterWindowMask |
LeaveWindowMask |
ExposureMask |
ButtonPressMask |
ButtonReleaseMask |
OwnerGrabButtonMask |
KeyPressMask |
KeyReleaseMask;
attr_mask =
CWBackPixmap|
CWColormap|
CWBorderPixel|
CWEventMask;
width = DisplayWidth(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
height = DisplayHeight(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay))/2;
x=width/2, y=height/2;
window_handle = XCreateWindow( Xdisplay,
Xroot,
x, y, width, height,
0,
visual->depth,
InputOutput,
visual->visual,
attr_mask, &attr);
if( !window_handle ) {
fatalError("Couldn't create the window\n");
}
#if USE_GLX_CREATE_WINDOW
int glXattr[] = { None };
glX_window_handle = glXCreateWindow(Xdisplay, fbconfig, window_handle, glXattr);
if( !glX_window_handle ) {
fatalError("Couldn't create the GLX window\n");
}
#else
glX_window_handle = window_handle;
#endif
textprop.value = (unsigned char*)title;
textprop.encoding = XA_STRING;
textprop.format = 8;
textprop.nitems = strlen(title);
hints.x = x;
hints.y = y;
hints.width = width;
hints.height = height;
hints.flags = USPosition|USSize;
startup_state = XAllocWMHints();
startup_state->initial_state = NormalState;
startup_state->flags = StateHint;
XSetWMProperties(Xdisplay, window_handle,&textprop, &textprop,
NULL, 0,
&hints,
startup_state,
NULL);
XFree(startup_state);
XMapWindow(Xdisplay, window_handle);
XIfEvent(Xdisplay, &event, WaitForMapNotify, (char*)&window_handle);
if ((del_atom = XInternAtom(Xdisplay, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", 0)) != None) {
XSetWMProtocols(Xdisplay, window_handle, &del_atom, 1);
}
}
static int ctxErrorHandler( Display *dpy, XErrorEvent *ev )
{
fputs("Error at context creation", stderr);
return 0;
}
static void createTheRenderContext()
{
int dummy;
if (!glXQueryExtension(Xdisplay, &dummy, &dummy)) {
fatalError("OpenGL not supported by X server\n");
}
#if USE_GLX_CREATE_CONTEXT_ATTRIB
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2091
#define GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB 0x2092
render_context = NULL;
if( isExtensionSupported( glXQueryExtensionsString(Xdisplay, DefaultScreen(Xdisplay)), "GLX_ARB_create_context" ) ) {
typedef GLXContext (*glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)(Display*, GLXFBConfig, GLXContext, Bool, const int*);
glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc glXCreateContextAttribsARB = (glXCreateContextAttribsARBProc)glXGetProcAddressARB( (const GLubyte *) "glXCreateContextAttribsARB" );
if( glXCreateContextAttribsARB ) {
int context_attribs[] =
{
GLX_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION_ARB, 3,
GLX_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION_ARB, 0,
//GLX_CONTEXT_FLAGS_ARB , GLX_CONTEXT_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_ARB,
None
};
int (*oldHandler)(Display*, XErrorEvent*) = XSetErrorHandler(&ctxErrorHandler);
render_context = glXCreateContextAttribsARB( Xdisplay, fbconfig, 0, True, context_attribs );
XSync( Xdisplay, False );
XSetErrorHandler( oldHandler );
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB failed", stderr);
} else {
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB could not be retrieved", stderr);
}
} else {
fputs("glXCreateContextAttribsARB not supported", stderr);
}
if(!render_context)
{
#else
{
#endif
render_context = glXCreateNewContext(Xdisplay, fbconfig, GLX_RGBA_TYPE, 0, True);
if (!render_context) {
fatalError("Failed to create a GL context\n");
}
}
if (!glXMakeContextCurrent(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle, glX_window_handle, render_context)) {
fatalError("glXMakeCurrent failed for window\n");
}
}
static int updateTheMessageQueue()
{
XEvent event;
XConfigureEvent *xc;
while (XPending(Xdisplay))
{
XNextEvent(Xdisplay, &event);
switch (event.type)
{
case ClientMessage:
if (event.xclient.data.l[0] == del_atom)
{
return 0;
}
break;
case ConfigureNotify:
xc = &(event.xconfigure);
width = xc->width;
height = xc->height;
break;
}
}
return 1;
}
/* 6----7
/| /|
3----2 |
| 5--|-4
|/ |/
0----1
*/
GLfloat cube_vertices[][8] = {
/* X Y Z Nx Ny Nz S T */
{-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 0
{ 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 1
{ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 2
{-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 3
{ 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 4
{-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 5
{-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 6
{ 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 7
{-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
{-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 0
{-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 3
{-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6
{ 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 1
{ 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
{ 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
{ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 2
{-1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 5
{ 1.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 4
{ 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 1
{-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 0
{-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0}, // 3
{ 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0}, // 2
{ 1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}, // 7
{-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, // 6
};
static void draw_cube(void)
{
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_NORMAL_ARRAY);
glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][0]);
glNormalPointer(GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][3]);
glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8, &cube_vertices[0][6]);
glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, 24);
}
float const light0_dir[]={0,1,0,0};
float const light0_color[]={78./255., 80./255., 184./255.,1};
float const light1_dir[]={-1,1,1,0};
float const light1_color[]={255./255., 220./255., 97./255.,1};
float const light2_dir[]={0,-1,0,0};
float const light2_color[]={31./255., 75./255., 16./255.,1};
static void redrawTheWindow()
{
float const aspect = (float)width / (float)height;
static float a=0;
static float b=0;
static float c=0;
glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
// Clear with alpha = 0.0, i.e. full transparency
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glFrustum(-aspect, aspect, -1, 1, 2.5, 10);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light0_dir);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, light0_color);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, light1_dir);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, light1_color);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, light2_dir);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_DIFFUSE, light2_color);
glTranslatef(0., 0., -5.);
glRotatef(a, 1, 0, 0);
glRotatef(b, 0, 1, 0);
glRotatef(c, 0, 0, 1);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT1);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);
glColor4f(1., 1., 1., 0.5);
glCullFace(GL_FRONT);
draw_cube();
glCullFace(GL_BACK);
draw_cube();
a = fmod(a+0.1, 360.);
b = fmod(b+0.5, 360.);
c = fmod(c+0.25, 360.);
glXSwapBuffers(Xdisplay, glX_window_handle);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
createTheWindow();
createTheRenderContext();
while (updateTheMessageQueue()) {
redrawTheWindow();
}
return 0;
}
主要技巧是获得正确的FBConfig。您需要询问一个Alpha通道并测试相关XRenderPictFormat
的Alpha遮罩。
g++ gl_transparent.cpp -o gl_transparent -lGL -lX11 -lXext -lXrender
。如果这些天我们仍然在做这样的事情,这可能会成为社区Wiki。
我知道Windows 7可以做到这一点,不确定较早的版本。
要摆脱窗口边框,您需要WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW
从窗口中删除样式并添加WS_POPUP
样式:
DWORD style = ::GetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE);
style &= ~WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW;
style |= WS_POPUP;
::SetWindowLong(hWnd, GWL_STYLE, style);
要使OpenGL窗口的背景透明,您将需要使用以下DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow
函数:
DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE;
bb.fEnable = true;
bb.hRgnBlur = NULL;
DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);
调用时,您还需要将alpha值指定为0 glClearColor
。
glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f,0.0f);
另外,在创建OpenGL上下文时,请确保分配一个Alpha通道。
现在您的背景应该是完全透明的。如果保留窗口装饰,则背景将使用Aero模糊外观,并且您可以使用中的alpha值来调整透明度glClearColor
。
bb.hRgnBlur
参数CreateRectRgn(0, 0, 1, 1);
,并bb.dwFlags
给DWM_BB_ENABLE | DWM_BB_BLURREGION;
。这将恰好模糊一个像素,并将窗口的其余部分(用glClear清除)显示为完全透明。
identifier "DWM_BLURBEHIND" is undefined
。我需要包括一个图书馆吗?
这是一个老问题,但是由于datenwolf暗示,对于opengl,较新版本的Windows具有合成和支持功能,因此我们可以使用一些特殊的工具来实现此目的。尽管它与DirectX无关紧要(请看图……),Microsoft确实向opengl上下文添加了合成提示。耶反托人的恐惧!
因此,我们可以让合成引擎仅了解如何利用opengl上下文,而不是进行低效的“复制到物理内存”操作。
因此,您必须使用像素格式创建一个opengl上下文,该像素格式指定一个alpha通道,并且应该使用合成(第82行)。然后,使用DwmApi.h例程启用具有指定完全无效区域的模糊窗口(第179行),这将不模糊任何内容并使窗口保持透明。(您需要在window类上指定黑色+透明画笔!奇怪!)然后,您实际上只是像以前那样使用opengl。在事件循环中,只要有机会,就可以绘制和交换缓冲区(第201行),并记住启用GL_BLEND!:)
请查看/分叉https://gist.github.com/3644466,或者仅使用OP自身的答案,使用此技术查看以下代码片段(您可以将其放入一个空项目中):
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0500
#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <dwmapi.h>
#pragma comment (lib, "opengl32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "glu32.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "dwmapi.lib")
#include <assert.h>
#include <tchar.h>
#ifdef assert
#define verify(expr) if(!expr) assert(0)
#else verify(expr) expr
#endif
const TCHAR szAppName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
const TCHAR wcWndName[]=_T("TransparentGL");
HDC hDC;
HGLRC m_hrc;
int w = 240;
int h = 240;
BOOL initSC() {
glEnable(GL_ALPHA_TEST);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
glEnable(GL_BLEND);
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 0);
return 0;
}
void resizeSC(int width,int height) {
glViewport(0,0,width,height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW );
glLoadIdentity();
}
BOOL renderSC() {
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );
glPushMatrix();
glColor3f(0, 1, 1);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); // Drawing Using Triangles
glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Red
glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); // Top
glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f); // Set The Color To Green
glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Left
glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f); // Set The Color To Blue
glVertex3f( 1.0f,-1.0f, 0.0f); // Bottom Right
glEnd();
glPopMatrix();
glFlush();
return 0;
}
BOOL CreateHGLRC(HWND hWnd) {
PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = {
sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR),
1, // Version Number
PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | // Format Must Support Window
PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | // Format Must Support OpenGL
PFD_SUPPORT_COMPOSITION | // Format Must Support Composition
PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER, // Must Support Double Buffering
PFD_TYPE_RGBA, // Request An RGBA Format
32, // Select Our Color Depth
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, // Color Bits Ignored
8, // An Alpha Buffer
0, // Shift Bit Ignored
0, // No Accumulation Buffer
0, 0, 0, 0, // Accumulation Bits Ignored
24, // 16Bit Z-Buffer (Depth Buffer)
8, // Some Stencil Buffer
0, // No Auxiliary Buffer
PFD_MAIN_PLANE, // Main Drawing Layer
0, // Reserved
0, 0, 0 // Layer Masks Ignored
};
HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
int PixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(hdc, &pfd);
if (PixelFormat == 0) {
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
BOOL bResult = SetPixelFormat(hdc, PixelFormat, &pfd);
if (bResult==FALSE) {
assert(0);
return FALSE ;
}
m_hrc = wglCreateContext(hdc);
if (!m_hrc){
assert(0);
return FALSE;
}
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
return TRUE;
}
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowFunc(HWND hWnd,UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
switch(msg) {
case WM_CREATE:
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
if(m_hrc) {
wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);
wglDeleteContext(m_hrc) ;
}
PostQuitMessage(0) ;
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc(hWnd,msg,wParam,lParam);
}
return 0;
}
int WINAPI _tWinMain(HINSTANCE hThisInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst, LPSTR str,int nWinMode) {
WNDCLASSEX wc;
memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowFunc;
wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
wc.hInstance = hThisInst;
wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)CreateSolidBrush(0x00000000);
wc.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if(!RegisterClassEx(&wc)) {
MessageBox(NULL, _T("RegisterClassEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
HWND hWnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, szAppName, wcWndName,
WS_VISIBLE | WS_POPUP, 200, 150, w, h,
NULL, NULL, hThisInst, NULL);
if(!hWnd) {
MessageBox(NULL, _T("CreateWindowEx - failed"), _T("Error"), MB_OK | MB_ICONERROR);
return FALSE;
}
DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = {0};
HRGN hRgn = CreateRectRgn(0, 0, -1, -1);
bb.dwFlags = DWM_BB_ENABLE | DWM_BB_BLURREGION;
bb.hRgnBlur = hRgn;
bb.fEnable = TRUE;
DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hWnd, &bb);
CreateHGLRC(hWnd);
HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);
initSC();
resizeSC(w, h);
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
MSG msg;
while(1) {
if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else {
HDC hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hrc);
renderSC();
SwapBuffers(hdc);
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hdc);
}
}
return (FALSE);
}
window_x = 0, window_y = -1, window_width = screen_width, window_height = screen_height + 1
用作传递给CreateWindowEx的值,然后glViewport(0, 0, screen_width, screen_height)
像往常一样调用。
如果允许OpenGL窗口分层,这将非常容易。但是它们不是,所以您必须去别的东西。
您可以做的是创建一个分层的窗口(WS_EX_LAYERED + SetLayeredWindowAttributes()-如果您不知道,请使用Google'em)来处理透明度,并创建一个隐藏的OpenGL窗口进行渲染。将OpenGL场景渲染到屏幕外的缓冲区中,将其读回并与分层窗口共享,然后使用bitblt(GDI功能)将其渲染到分层窗口。
对于非常复杂的内容来说,这可能太慢了,但是可以满足您的要求,并且可以在Windows 2000及更高版本上运行。
编辑:当涉及到创建实际的屏幕外缓冲区时,帧缓冲区对象(FBO)可能是您最好的选择。您可以只在隐藏的OpenGL窗口上绘制,尽管我想我想起有人发布过有关像素所有权问题的帖子-建议使用FBO。您也可以使用像素缓冲区(pbuffers),但是这些缓冲区已经过时了(加盖了“旧版”),FBO被认为是实现此目的的现代方法。FBO应该为您提供硬件加速(如果支持),并且本身不会限制您使用特定的OpenGL版本。您需要一个OpenGL上下文才能使用它,因此您必须创建该隐藏的OpenGL窗口并从那里设置FBO。
大量的演示源,带您逐步进行操作:
我知道这很旧,但是我试图将Xlib解决方案移植到Gtk +。经过大量研究,我终于做到了,所以我真的很想在这里与有需要的人分享。
#include <gtk/gtk.h>
#include <gdk/gdkscreen.h>
#include <gdk/gdkkeysyms.h>
#include <gtk/gtkgl.h>
#include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
static gboolean supports_alpha = FALSE;
/***
*** Configure the OpenGL framebuffer.
***/
static GdkGLConfig* configure_gl(void)
{
GdkGLConfig* glconfig;
/* Try double-buffered visual */
glconfig = gdk_gl_config_new_by_mode(GDK_GL_MODE_RGBA |
GDK_GL_MODE_ALPHA |
GDK_GL_MODE_DEPTH |
GDK_GL_MODE_DOUBLE);
if (glconfig == NULL)
{
printf("Cannot find the double-buffered visual.\n");
printf("No appropriate OpenGL-capable visual found.\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("Find GLConfig with alpha channel.\n");
return glconfig;
}
static void screen_changed(GtkWidget* widget, GdkScreen* old_screen, gpointer userdata)
{
/* To check if the display supports alpha channels, get the colormap */
GdkScreen* screen = gtk_widget_get_screen(widget);
GdkColormap* colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgba_colormap(screen);
if (!colormap)
{
printf("Your screen does not support alpha channels!\n");
colormap = gdk_screen_get_rgb_colormap(screen);
supports_alpha = FALSE;
}
else
{
printf("Your screen supports alpha channels!\n");
supports_alpha = TRUE;
}
gtk_widget_set_colormap(widget, colormap);
}
static gboolean expose(GtkWidget* widget, GdkEventExpose* event, gpointer userdata)
{
GdkGLContext* glcontext = gtk_widget_get_gl_context(widget);
GdkGLDrawable* gldrawable = gtk_widget_get_gl_drawable(widget);
if (!gdk_gl_drawable_gl_begin(gldrawable, glcontext))
{
return FALSE;
}
glDrawBuffer(GL_BACK);
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
glColor4f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f);
glVertex3f(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0);
glVertex3f(+0.5f, -0.5f, 0);
glVertex3f(+0.5f, +0.5f, 0);
glVertex3f(-0.5f, +0.5f, 0);
glEnd();
gdk_gl_drawable_swap_buffers(gldrawable);
gdk_gl_drawable_gl_end(gldrawable);
return TRUE;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
gtk_init(&argc, &argv);
GtkWidget* window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
/* Added to config GLConfig */
GdkGLConfig* glconfig = configure_gl();
gtk_widget_set_gl_capability(window,
glconfig,
NULL,
TRUE,
GDK_GL_RGBA_TYPE);
gtk_window_set_position(GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(window), 400, 400);
gtk_window_set_title(GTK_WINDOW(window), "Alpha Demo");
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "delete-event", gtk_main_quit, NULL);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable(window, TRUE);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "expose-event", G_CALLBACK(expose), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "screen-changed", G_CALLBACK(screen_changed), NULL);
screen_changed(window, NULL, NULL);
gtk_widget_show_all(window);
gtk_main();
return 0;
}
与编译gcc main.c -o main `pkg-config --libs --cflags gtk+-2.0 gtkglext-1.0`
。在Ubuntu 18.04上进行了测试(除了gtk之外,您还需要安装libgtkglext1-dev
)。
编辑
我将渲染代码从简单的a glClear
更改为矩形。
您可以将3d场景渲染到pbuffer并使用颜色键将其变亮到屏幕。
ClanLib游戏SDK可以做到这一点。
如果只需要静态透明边框,请使用以下技术:
创建5个窗口
美国汽车协会
公元前
公元前
DDDDD
A,B,C,D是分层窗口
“#”是主窗口。
请参阅底部的图像-http://clanlib.org/wiki/ClanLib_2.2.9_Release_Notes