请注意这篇文章末尾的更新。
我希望有一个模板，该模板一劳永逸地负责通过漂亮地打印所有STL容器operator<<。用伪代码，我正在寻找这样的东西：
template<container C, class T, String delim = ", ", String open = "[", String close = "]">
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & o, const C<T> & x)
{
o << open;
// for (typename C::const_iterator i = x.begin(); i != x.end(); i++) /* Old-school */
for (auto i = x.begin(); i != x.end(); i++)
{
if (i != x.begin()) o << delim;
o << *i;
}
o << close;
return o;
}现在我在SO上看到了很多模板魔术，我从来没有想过这是不可能的，所以我想知道是否有人可以提出一些与所有容器C都匹配的建议。 ？
非常感谢！
更新（和解决方案）
再次提出这个问题之后 第9频道，我从Sven Groot得到了一个奇妙的答案，结合一点SFINAE类型特征，似乎可以完全通用且可嵌套的方式解决该问题。分隔符可以单独进行特殊化，包括std :: set的示例特殊化，以及使用自定义分隔符的示例。
辅助程序“ wrap_array（）”可用于打印原始C数组。更新：成对和元组可用于打印；默认定界符为圆括号。
enable-if类型特征需要C ++ 0x，但是经过一些修改后，应该可以使它成为C ++ 98版本。元组需要可变参数模板，因此需要C ++ 0x。
我已要求Sven在此处发布解决方案，以便我可以接受它，但是与此同时，我想亲自发布该代码以供参考。（更新： Sven现在在下面发布了他的代码，这是我接受的答案。我自己的代码使用了容器类型特征，这些特征对我有用，但对于提供迭代器的非容器类，可能会导致意外行为。）
标题（prettyprint.h）：
#ifndef H_PRETTY_PRINT
#define H_PRETTY_PRINT
#include <type_traits>
#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <tuple>
namespace std
{
// Pre-declarations of container types so we don't actually have to include the relevant headers if not needed, speeding up compilation time.
template<typename T, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator> class set;
}
namespace pretty_print
{
// SFINAE type trait to detect a container based on whether T::const_iterator exists.
// (Improvement idea: check also if begin()/end() exist.)
template<typename T>
struct is_container_helper
{
private:
template<typename C> static char test(typename C::const_iterator*);
template<typename C> static int test(...);
public:
static const bool value = sizeof(test<T>(0)) == sizeof(char);
};
// Basic is_container template; specialize to derive from std::true_type for all desired container types
template<typename T> struct is_container : public ::std::integral_constant<bool, is_container_helper<T>::value> { };
// Holds the delimiter values for a specific character type
template<typename TChar>
struct delimiters_values
{
typedef TChar char_type;
const TChar * prefix;
const TChar * delimiter;
const TChar * postfix;
};
// Defines the delimiter values for a specific container and character type
template<typename T, typename TChar>
struct delimiters
{
typedef delimiters_values<TChar> type;
static const type values;
};
// Default delimiters
template<typename T> struct delimiters<T, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
template<typename T> const delimiters_values<char> delimiters<T, char>::values = { "[", ", ", "]" };
template<typename T> struct delimiters<T, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
template<typename T> const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters<T, wchar_t>::values = { L"[", L", ", L"]" };
// Delimiters for set
template<typename T, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator> struct delimiters< ::std::set<T, TTraits, TAllocator>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
template<typename T, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator> const delimiters_values<char> delimiters< ::std::set<T, TTraits, TAllocator>, char>::values = { "{", ", ", "}" };
template<typename T, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator> struct delimiters< ::std::set<T, TTraits, TAllocator>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
template<typename T, typename TTraits, typename TAllocator> const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::set<T, TTraits, TAllocator>, wchar_t>::values = { L"{", L", ", L"}" };
// Delimiters for pair (reused for tuple, see below)
template<typename T1, typename T2> struct delimiters< ::std::pair<T1, T2>, char> { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
template<typename T1, typename T2> const delimiters_values<char> delimiters< ::std::pair<T1, T2>, char>::values = { "(", ", ", ")" };
template<typename T1, typename T2> struct delimiters< ::std::pair<T1, T2>, wchar_t> { static const delimiters_values<wchar_t> values; };
template<typename T1, typename T2> const delimiters_values<wchar_t> delimiters< ::std::pair<T1, T2>, wchar_t>::values = { L"(", L", ", L")" };
// Functor to print containers. You can use this directly if you want to specificy a non-default delimiters type.
template<typename T, typename TChar = char, typename TCharTraits = ::std::char_traits<TChar>, typename TDelimiters = delimiters<T, TChar>>
struct print_container_helper
{
typedef TChar char_type;
typedef TDelimiters delimiters_type;
typedef std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & ostream_type;
print_container_helper(const T & container)
: _container(container)
{
}
inline void operator()(ostream_type & stream) const
{
if (delimiters_type::values.prefix != NULL)
stream << delimiters_type::values.prefix;
for (typename T::const_iterator beg = _container.begin(), end = _container.end(), it = beg; it != end; ++it)
{
if (it != beg && delimiters_type::values.delimiter != NULL)
stream << delimiters_type::values.delimiter;
stream << *it;
}
if (delimiters_type::values.postfix != NULL)
stream << delimiters_type::values.postfix;
}
private:
const T & _container;
};
// Type-erasing helper class for easy use of custom delimiters.
// Requires TCharTraits = std::char_traits<TChar> and TChar = char or wchar_t, and MyDelims needs to be defined for TChar.
// Usage: "cout << pretty_print::custom_delims<MyDelims>(x)".
struct custom_delims_base
{
virtual ~custom_delims_base() { }
virtual ::std::ostream & stream(::std::ostream &) = 0;
virtual ::std::wostream & stream(::std::wostream &) = 0;
};
template <typename T, typename Delims>
struct custom_delims_wrapper : public custom_delims_base
{
custom_delims_wrapper(const T & t) : t(t) { }
::std::ostream & stream(::std::ostream & stream)
{
return stream << ::pretty_print::print_container_helper<T, char, ::std::char_traits<char>, Delims>(t);
}
::std::wostream & stream(::std::wostream & stream)
{
return stream << ::pretty_print::print_container_helper<T, wchar_t, ::std::char_traits<wchar_t>, Delims>(t);
}
private:
const T & t;
};
template <typename Delims>
struct custom_delims
{
template <typename Container> custom_delims(const Container & c) : base(new custom_delims_wrapper<Container, Delims>(c)) { }
~custom_delims() { delete base; }
custom_delims_base * base;
};
} // namespace pretty_print
template <typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename Delims>
inline std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & operator<<(std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const pretty_print::custom_delims<Delims> & p)
{
return p.base->stream(stream);
}
// Template aliases for char and wchar_t delimiters
// Enable these if you have compiler support
//
// Implement as "template<T, C, A> const sdelims::type sdelims<std::set<T,C,A>>::values = { ... }."
//template<typename T> using pp_sdelims = pretty_print::delimiters<T, char>;
//template<typename T> using pp_wsdelims = pretty_print::delimiters<T, wchar_t>;
namespace std
{
// Prints a print_container_helper to the specified stream.
template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename TDelimiters>
inline basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & operator<<(basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream,
const ::pretty_print::print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits, TDelimiters> & helper)
{
helper(stream);
return stream;
}
// Prints a container to the stream using default delimiters
template<typename T, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits>
inline typename enable_if< ::pretty_print::is_container<T>::value, basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits>&>::type
operator<<(basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const T & container)
{
return stream << ::pretty_print::print_container_helper<T, TChar, TCharTraits>(container);
}
// Prints a pair to the stream using delimiters from delimiters<std::pair<T1, T2>>.
template<typename T1, typename T2, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits>
inline basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & operator<<(basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const pair<T1, T2> & value)
{
if (::pretty_print::delimiters<pair<T1, T2>, TChar>::values.prefix != NULL)
stream << ::pretty_print::delimiters<pair<T1, T2>, TChar>::values.prefix;
stream << value.first;
if (::pretty_print::delimiters<pair<T1, T2>, TChar>::values.delimiter != NULL)
stream << ::pretty_print::delimiters<pair<T1, T2>, TChar>::values.delimiter;
stream << value.second;
if (::pretty_print::delimiters<pair<T1, T2>, TChar>::values.postfix != NULL)
stream << ::pretty_print::delimiters<pair<T1, T2>, TChar>::values.postfix;
return stream;
}
} // namespace std
// Prints a tuple to the stream using delimiters from delimiters<std::pair<tuple_dummy_t, tuple_dummy_t>>.
namespace pretty_print
{
struct tuple_dummy_t { }; // Just if you want special delimiters for tuples.
typedef std::pair<tuple_dummy_t, tuple_dummy_t> tuple_dummy_pair;
template<typename Tuple, size_t N, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits>
struct pretty_tuple_helper
{
static inline void print(::std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const Tuple & value)
{
pretty_tuple_helper<Tuple, N - 1, TChar, TCharTraits>::print(stream, value);
if (delimiters<tuple_dummy_pair, TChar>::values.delimiter != NULL)
stream << delimiters<tuple_dummy_pair, TChar>::values.delimiter;
stream << std::get<N - 1>(value);
}
};
template<typename Tuple, typename TChar, typename TCharTraits>
struct pretty_tuple_helper<Tuple, 1, TChar, TCharTraits>
{
static inline void print(::std::basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const Tuple & value) { stream << ::std::get<0>(value); }
};
} // namespace pretty_print
namespace std
{
template<typename TChar, typename TCharTraits, typename ...Args>
inline basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & operator<<(basic_ostream<TChar, TCharTraits> & stream, const tuple<Args...> & value)
{
if (::pretty_print::delimiters< ::pretty_print::tuple_dummy_pair, TChar>::values.prefix != NULL)
stream << ::pretty_print::delimiters< ::pretty_print::tuple_dummy_pair, TChar>::values.prefix;
::pretty_print::pretty_tuple_helper<const tuple<Args...> &, sizeof...(Args), TChar, TCharTraits>::print(stream, value);
if (::pretty_print::delimiters< ::pretty_print::tuple_dummy_pair, TChar>::values.postfix != NULL)
stream << ::pretty_print::delimiters< ::pretty_print::tuple_dummy_pair, TChar>::values.postfix;
return stream;
}
} // namespace std
// A wrapper for raw C-style arrays. Usage: int arr[] = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 }; std::cout << wrap_array(arr) << ...
namespace pretty_print
{
template <typename T, size_t N>
struct array_wrapper
{
typedef const T * const_iterator;
typedef T value_type;
array_wrapper(const T (& a)[N]) : _array(a) { }
inline const_iterator begin() const { return _array; }
inline const_iterator end() const { return _array + N; }
private:
const T * const _array;
};
} // namespace pretty_print
template <typename T, size_t N>
inline pretty_print::array_wrapper<T, N> pretty_print_array(const T (& a)[N])
{
return pretty_print::array_wrapper<T, N>(a);
}
#endif用法示例：
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <array>
#include <tuple>
#include <utility>
#include <string>
#include "prettyprint.h"
// Specialization for a particular container
template<> const pretty_print::delimiters_values<char> pretty_print::delimiters<std::vector<double>, char>::values = { "|| ", " : ", " ||" };
// Custom delimiters for one-off use
struct MyDel { static const delimiters_values<char> values; };
const delimiters_values<char> MyDel::values = { "<", "; ", ">" };
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
std::string cs;
std::unordered_map<int, std::string> um;
std::map<int, std::string> om;
std::set<std::string> ss;
std::vector<std::string> v;
std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> vv;
std::vector<std::pair<int, std::string>> vp;
std::vector<double> vd;
v.reserve(argc - 1);
vv.reserve(argc - 1);
vp.reserve(argc - 1);
vd.reserve(argc - 1);
std::cout << "Printing pairs." << std::endl;
while (--argc)
{
std::string s(argv[argc]);
std::pair<int, std::string> p(argc, s);
um[argc] = s;
om[argc] = s;
v.push_back(s);
vv.push_back(v);
vp.push_back(p);
vd.push_back(1./double(i));
ss.insert(s);
cs += s;
std::cout << " " << p << std::endl;
}
std::array<char, 5> a{{ 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' }};
std::cout << "Vector: " << v << std::endl
<< "Incremental vector: " << vv << std::endl
<< "Another vector: " << vd << std::endl
<< "Pairs: " << vp << std::endl
<< "Set: " << ss << std::endl
<< "OMap: " << om << std::endl
<< "UMap: " << um << std::endl
<< "String: " << cs << std::endl
<< "Array: " << a << std::endl
;
// Using custom delimiters manually:
std::cout << pretty_print::print_container_helper<std::vector<std::string>, char, std::char_traits<char>, MyDel>(v) << std::endl;
// Using custom delimiters with the type-erasing helper class
std::cout << pretty_print::custom_delims<MyDel>(v) << std::endl;
// Pairs and tuples and arrays:
auto a1 = std::make_pair(std::string("Jello"), 9);
auto a2 = std::make_tuple(1729);
auto a3 = std::make_tuple("Qrgh", a1, 11);
auto a4 = std::make_tuple(1729, 2875, std::pair<double, std::string>(1.5, "meow"));
int arr[] = { 1, 4, 9, 16 };
std::cout << "C array: " << wrap_array(arr) << std::endl
<< "Pair: " << a1 << std::endl
<< "1-tuple: " << a2 << std::endl
<< "n-tuple: " << a3 << std::endl
<< "n-tuple: " << a4 << std::endl
;
}进一步的改进建议：
std::tuple<...>以相同的方式实现输出，我们也有std::pair<S,T>。添加名称空间，以便帮助程序类不会渗入全局名称空间。完成了- 添加模板别名（或类似名称）以方便创建自定义定界符类，或者预处理器宏吗？
最近更新：
- 我删除了自定义输出迭代器，转而使用了print函数中的一个简单的for循环。
- 现在，所有实现细节都在
pretty_print名称空间中。只有全局流运算符和pretty_print_array包装器位于全局名称空间中。 - 修复了名称间隔问题，
operator<<现在正确地了std。
笔记：
- 删除输出迭代器意味着没有办法
std::copy()获得漂亮的打印效果。如果这是一个理想的功能，我可能会恢复漂亮的迭代器，但是下面Sven的代码已实现。 - 使定界符编译时常量而不是对象常量是一个有意识的设计决定。这意味着您不能在运行时动态提供定界符，但这也意味着没有不必要的开销。Dennis Zickefoose在以下Sven代码的注释中提出了基于对象的定界符配置。如果需要，可以将其实现为替代功能。
- 目前尚不清楚如何自定义嵌套容器定界符。
- 请记住，此库的目的是允许进行快速的容器打印，而这需要您零编码。它不是一个通用的格式库，而是一个开发工具，可以减少编写用于容器检查的样板代码的需求。
感谢所有贡献者！
注意：如果您正在寻找一种快速的方法来部署自定义分隔符，这是使用类型擦除的一种方法。我们假设您已经构造了一个定界符类，例如MyDel，就像这样：
struct MyDel { static const pretty_print::delimiters_values<char> values; };
const pretty_print::delimiters_values<char> MyDel::values = { "<", "; ", ">" };现在，我们希望能够使用那些定界符来写std::cout << MyPrinter(v) << std::endl;一些容器v。MyPrinter将是一个类型擦除类，如下所示：
struct wrapper_base
{
virtual ~wrapper_base() { }
virtual std::ostream & stream(std::ostream & o) = 0;
};
template <typename T, typename Delims>
struct wrapper : public wrapper_base
{
wrapper(const T & t) : t(t) { }
std::ostream & stream(std::ostream & o)
{
return o << pretty_print::print_container_helper<T, char, std::char_traits<char>, Delims>(t);
}
private:
const T & t;
};
template <typename Delims>
struct MyPrinter
{
template <typename Container> MyPrinter(const Container & c) : base(new wrapper<Container, Delims>(c)) { }
~MyPrinter() { delete base; }
wrapper_base * base;
};
template <typename Delims>
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & o, const MyPrinter<Delims> & p) { return p.base->stream(o); }
您的代码无效。没有容器C这样的关键字
—
the_drow
@the_drow：好像OP已经知道这一点。他们只是表明他们在寻找什么。
—
Marcelo Cantos
确实，我仅举了一个“道德”的伪代码示例。（请注意，我还省略了返回类型。）可以肯定的是，我什至不知道如何最好地改变定界符。
—
Kerrek SB 2011年
另一种选择是将运算符放在
—
dribeas大卫-罗德里格斯
pretty_print命名空间中，并为用户提供一个包装，以便在打印时使用。从用户的角度来看：（std::cout << pretty_print(v);可能使用不同的名称）。然后，您可以在与包装器相同的名称空间中提供运算符，然后可以将其扩展为漂亮地打印所需的任何内容。你也可以提高包装允许任意定义分隔符使用每个呼叫内（而不是使用，迫使整个应用了同样的选择特性）\
请把您的“更新”答案变成实际答案，而不要提出一个笨拙的问题。
—
einpoklum