如何使用pydicom创建JPEG压缩的DICOM数据集？

我正在尝试使用pydicom创建JPEG压缩的DICOM图像。可以在此处找到有关彩色DICOM图像的不错的原始资料，但这主要是理论和C ++。在下面的代码示例中，我在内部创建了一个淡蓝色的省略号output-raw.dcm（未压缩），如下所示：

import io
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
from pydicom.dataset import Dataset
from pydicom.uid import generate_uid, JPEGExtended
from pydicom._storage_sopclass_uids import SecondaryCaptureImageStorage

WIDTH = 100
HEIGHT = 100


def ensure_even(stream):
    # Very important for some viewers
    if len(stream) % 2:
        return stream + b"\x00"
    return stream


def bob_ross_magic():
    image = Image.new("RGB", (WIDTH, HEIGHT), color="red")
    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
    draw.rectangle([10, 10, 90, 90], fill="black")
    draw.ellipse([30, 20, 70, 80], fill="cyan")
    draw.text((11, 11), "Hello", fill=(255, 255, 0))
    return image


ds = Dataset()
ds.is_little_endian = True
ds.is_implicit_VR = True
ds.SOPClassUID = SecondaryCaptureImageStorage
ds.SOPInstanceUID = generate_uid()
ds.fix_meta_info()
ds.Modality = "OT"
ds.SamplesPerPixel = 3
ds.BitsAllocated = 8
ds.BitsStored = 8
ds.HighBit = 7
ds.PixelRepresentation = 0
ds.PhotometricInterpretation = "RGB"
ds.Rows = HEIGHT
ds.Columns = WIDTH

image = bob_ross_magic()
ds.PixelData = ensure_even(image.tobytes())

image.save("output.png")
ds.save_as("output-raw.dcm", write_like_original=False)  # File is OK

#
# Create compressed image
#
output = io.BytesIO()
image.save(output, format="JPEG")

ds.PixelData = ensure_even(output.getvalue())
ds.PhotometricInterpretation = "YBR_FULL_422"
ds.file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID = JPEGExtended

ds.save_as("output-jpeg.dcm", write_like_original=False)  # File is corrupt

最后，我试图创建压缩的DICOM：我尝试设置各种传输语法，使用PIL进行压缩，但是没有运气。我相信生成的DICOM文件已损坏。如果我要将原始DICOM文件转换为使用gdcm-tools压缩的JPEG：

$ gdcmconv -J output-raw.dcm output-jpeg.dcm

通过dcmdump在此转换后的文件上执行，我们可以看到一个有趣的结构，我不知道该如何使用pydicom复制：

$ dcmdump output-jpeg.dcm

# Dicom-File-Format

# Dicom-Meta-Information-Header
# Used TransferSyntax: Little Endian Explicit
(0002,0000) UL 240                                      #   4, 1 FileMetaInformationGroupLength
(0002,0001) OB 00\01                                    #   2, 1 FileMetaInformationVersion
(0002,0002) UI =SecondaryCaptureImageStorage            #  26, 1 MediaStorageSOPClassUID
(0002,0003) UI [1.2.826.0.1.3680043.8.498.57577581978474188964358168197934098358] #  64, 1 MediaStorageSOPInstanceUID
(0002,0010) UI =JPEGLossless:Non-hierarchical-1stOrderPrediction #  22, 1 TransferSyntaxUID
(0002,0012) UI [1.2.826.0.1.3680043.2.1143.107.104.103.115.2.8.4] #  48, 1 ImplementationClassUID
(0002,0013) SH [GDCM 2.8.4]                             #  10, 1 ImplementationVersionName
(0002,0016) AE [gdcmconv]                               #   8, 1 SourceApplicationEntityTitle

# Dicom-Data-Set
# Used TransferSyntax: JPEG Lossless, Non-hierarchical, 1st Order Prediction
...
... ### How to do the magic below?
...
(7fe0,0010) OB (PixelSequence #=2)                      # u/l, 1 PixelData
  (fffe,e000) pi (no value available)                     #   0, 1 Item
  (fffe,e000) pi ff\d8\ff\ee\00\0e\41\64\6f\62\65\00\64\00\00\00\00\00\ff\c3\00\11... # 4492, 1 Item
(fffe,e0dd) na (SequenceDelimitationItem)               #   0, 0 SequenceDelimitationItem

我试图使用pydicom的encaps 模块，但我认为它主要用于读取数据，而不是写入数据。其他人有任何想法如何处理此问题，如何创建/编码这些代码PixelSequence？希望在不运行外部工具的情况下，用纯Python创建JPEG压缩的DICOM。

DICOM要求压缩的像素数据被封装（尤其是表格）。获得压缩的图像数据后，可以使用encaps.encapsulate（）方法创建bytes适合与Pixel Data一起使用的方法：

from pydicom.encaps import encapsulate

# encapsulate() requires a list of bytes, one item per frame
ds.PixelData = encapsulate([ensure_even(output.getvalue())])
# Need to set this flag to indicate the Pixel Data is compressed
ds['PixelData'].is_undefined_length = True
ds.PhotometricInterpretation = "YBR_FULL_422"
ds.file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID = JPEGExtended

ds.save_as("output-jpeg.dcm", write_like_original=False)

尝试使用@scaramallion的解决方案，可以更详细地进行工作：

import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
import io

# set some parameters
num_frames = 4
img_size = 10

# Create a fake RGB dataset
random_image_array = (np.random.random((num_frames, img_size, img_size, 3))*255).astype('uint8')
# Convert to PIL
imlist = []
for i in range(num_frames):   # convert the multiframe image into RGB of single frames (Required for compression)
    imlist.append(Image.fromarray(tmp))

# Save the multipage tiff with jpeg compression
f = io.BytesIO()
        imlist[0].save(f, format='tiff', append_images=imlist[1:], save_all=True, compression='jpeg')
# The BytesIO object cursor is at the end of the object, so I need to tell it to go back to the front
f.seek(0)
img = Image.open(f)

# Get each one of the frames converted to even numbered bytes
img_byte_list = []
for i in range(num_frames):
    try:
        img.seek(i)
        with io.BytesIO() as output:
            img.save(output, format='jpeg')
            img_byte_list.append(output.getvalue())
    except EOFError:
         # Not enough frames in img
         break

ds.PixelData = encapsulate([x for x in img_byte_list])
ds['PixelData'].is_undefined_length = True
ds.is_implicit_VR = False
ds.LossyImageCompression = '01'
ds.LossyImageCompressionRatio = 10 # default jpeg
ds.LossyImageCompressionMethod = 'ISO_10918_1'
ds.file_meta.TransferSyntaxUID = '1.2.840.10008.1.2.4.51'

ds.save_as("output-jpeg.dcm", write_like_original=False)