在NumPy数组中查找到最近零的距离

假设我有一个NumPy数组：

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0])

在每个索引处，我想找到最接近零值的距离。如果位置本身是零，则返回零作为距离。之后，我们只对当前位置右边最接近零的距离感兴趣。超级幼稚的方法是这样的：

out = np.full(x.shape[0], x.shape[0]-1)
for i in range(x.shape[0]):
    j = 0
    while i + j < x.shape[0]:
        if x[i+j] == 0:
            break
        j += 1
    out[i] = j

输出将是：

array([0, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0])

我注意到在零之间的输出中存在倒数/递减模式。因此，我也许可以使用零的位置（即zero_indices = np.argwhere(x == 0).flatten()）

在线性时间内获得所需输出的最快方法是什么？

方法1： Searchsorted以向量化的方式进行线性救援（在麻木家伙进来之前）！

mask_z = x==0
idx_z = np.flatnonzero(mask_z)
idx_nz = np.flatnonzero(~mask_z)

# Cover for the case when there's no 0 left to the right
# (for same results as with posted loop-based solution)
if x[-1]!=0:
    idx_z = np.r_[idx_z,len(x)]

out = np.zeros(len(x), dtype=int)
idx = np.searchsorted(idx_z, idx_nz)
out[~mask_z] = idx_z[idx] - idx_nz

方法2：另一种方法cumsum -

mask_z = x==0
idx_z = np.flatnonzero(mask_z)

# Cover for the case when there's no 0 left to the right
if x[-1]!=0:
    idx_z = np.r_[idx_z,len(x)]

out = idx_z[np.r_[False,mask_z[:-1]].cumsum()] - np.arange(len(x))

或者，cumsum可以用repeat功能代替的最后一步-

r = np.r_[idx_z[0]+1,np.diff(idx_z)]
out = np.repeat(idx_z,r)[:len(x)] - np.arange(len(x))

方法3：另一个主要是cumsum-

mask_z = x==0
idx_z = np.flatnonzero(mask_z)

pp = np.full(len(x), -1)
pp[idx_z[:-1]] = np.diff(idx_z) - 1
if idx_z[0]==0:
    pp[0] = idx_z[1]
else:
    pp[0] = idx_z[0]
out = pp.cumsum()

# Handle boundary case and assigns 0s at original 0s places
out[idx_z[-1]:] = np.arange(len(x)-idx_z[-1],0,-1)
out[mask_z] = 0

您可以从另一侧进行工作。记下已传递了多少个非零数字，并将其分配给数组中的元素。如果看到0，则将计数器重置为0

编辑：如果右边没有零，则需要再次检查

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0])
out = x 
count = 0 
hasZero = False 
for i in range(x.shape[0]-1,-1,-1):
    if out[i] != 0:
        if not hasZero: 
            out[i] = x.shape[0]-1
        else:
            count += 1
            out[i] = count
    else:
        hasZero = True
        count = 0
print(out)

您可以使用每个位置的索引与零位置的累积最大值之间的差来确定到前一个零的距离。这可以向前和向后进行。到前一个（或下一个）零的前后距离之间的最小值将是最接近的：

import numpy as np

indices  = np.arange(x.size)
zeroes   = x==0
forward  = indices - np.maximum.accumulate(indices*zeroes)  # forward distance
forward[np.cumsum(zeroes)==0] = x.size-1                    # handle absence of zero from edge
forward  = forward * (x!=0)                                 # set zero positions to zero                

zeroes   = zeroes[::-1]
backward = indices - np.maximum.accumulate(indices*zeroes) # backward distance
backward[np.cumsum(zeroes)==0] = x.size-1                  # handle absence of zero from edge
backward = backward[::-1] * (x!=0)                         # set zero positions to zero

distZero = np.minimum(forward,backward) # closest distance (minimum)

结果：

distZero
# [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0]

forward
# [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0]

backward
# [0, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0]

在外边缘不存在零的特殊情况：

x = np.array([3, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 0,8,8])

forward:  [9 9 9 0 1 2 3 0 1 2]
backward: [3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 9 9]
distZero: [3 2 1 0 1 2 1 0 1 2]

也完全没有零

[编辑]  非numpy解决方案...

如果您正在寻找不需要numpy的O（N）解决方案，则可以使用itertools中的accumulate函数来应用此策略：

x = [0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0]

from itertools import accumulate

maxDist  = len(x) - 1
zeroes   = [maxDist*(v!=0) for v in x]
forward  = [*accumulate(zeroes,lambda d,v:min(maxDist,(d+1)*(v!=0)))]
backward = accumulate(zeroes[::-1],lambda d,v:min(maxDist,(d+1)*(v!=0)))
backward = [*backward][::-1]
distZero = [min(f,b) for f,b in zip(forward,backward)]                      

print("x",x)
print("f",forward)
print("b",backward)
print("d",distZero)

输出：

x [0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0]
f [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0]
b [0, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0]
d [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0]

如果您不想使用任何库，则可以在循环中手动累积距离：

x = [0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0]
forward,backward = [],[]
fDist = bDist = maxDist = len(x)-1
for f,b in zip(x,reversed(x)):
    fDist = min(maxDist,(fDist+1)*(f!=0))
    forward.append(fDist)
    bDist = min(maxDist,(bDist+1)*(b!=0))
    backward.append(bDist)
backward = backward[::-1]
distZero = [min(f,b) for f,b in zip(forward,backward)]

print("x",x)
print("f",forward)
print("b",backward)
print("d",distZero)

输出：

x [0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0]
f [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0]
b [0, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0]
d [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0]

我的第一个直觉是使用切片。如果x可以是普通列表而不是numpy数组，则可以使用

 out = [x[i:].index(0) for i,_ in enumerate(x)]

如果需要numpy，则可以使用

 out = [np.where(x[i:]==0)[0][0] for i,_ in enumerate(x)]

但这效率较低，因为您要找到值右侧的所有零位置，然后仅提取第一个。几乎可以肯定的是，在numpy中执行此操作的更好方法。

编辑：对不起，我误会了。这将为您提供到最接近零的距离-可以在左侧或右侧。但是您可以将其d_right用作中间结果。但是，这并不包括在右边没有零的边缘情况。

import numpy as np

x = np.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0])

# Get the distance to the closest zero from the left:
zeros = x == 0
zero_locations = np.argwhere(x == 0).flatten()
zero_distances = np.diff(np.insert(zero_locations, 0, 0))

temp = x.copy()
temp[~zeros] = 1
temp[zeros] = -(zero_distances-1)
d_left = np.cumsum(temp) - 1

# Get the distance to the closest zero from the right:
zeros = x[::-1] == 0
zero_locations = np.argwhere(x[::-1] == 0).flatten()
zero_distances = np.diff(np.insert(zero_locations, 0, 0))

temp = x.copy()
temp[~zeros] = 1
temp[zeros] = -(zero_distances-1)
d_right = np.cumsum(temp) - 1
d_right = d_right[::-1]

# Get the smallest distance from both sides:
smallest_distances = np.min(np.stack([d_left, d_right]), axis=0)
# np.array([0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0])