使用sqlalchemy的声明性ORM扩展时的多列索引

根据文档和sqlalchemy.Column该类中的注释，我们应该使用该类sqlalchemy.schema.Index来指定包含多个列的索引。

但是，该示例显示了如何通过直接使用Table对象来实现此目的，如下所示：

meta = MetaData()
mytable = Table('mytable', meta,
    # an indexed column, with index "ix_mytable_col1"
    Column('col1', Integer, index=True),

    # a uniquely indexed column with index "ix_mytable_col2"
    Column('col2', Integer, index=True, unique=True),

    Column('col3', Integer),
    Column('col4', Integer),

    Column('col5', Integer),
    Column('col6', Integer),
    )

# place an index on col3, col4
Index('idx_col34', mytable.c.col3, mytable.c.col4)

如果使用声明性ORM扩展，应该怎么做？

class A(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'table_A'
    id = Column(Integer, , primary_key=True)
    a = Column(String(32))
    b = Column(String(32))

我想在“ a”和“ b”列上建立索引。

这些只是Column对象，index = True标志正常工作：

class A(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'table_A'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    a = Column(String(32), index=True)
    b = Column(String(32), index=True)

如果您想要复合索引， Table照常出现在这里，就不必声明它，一切都一样（确保声明性Aa包装器被解释为a是最近的0.6或0.7）Column类声明完成后）：

class A(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'table_A'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    a = Column(String(32))
    b = Column(String(32))

Index('my_index', A.a, A.b)

在0.7中，Index也可以在Table参数中，通过__table_args__以下方式进行声明：

class A(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'table_A'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    a = Column(String(32))
    b = Column(String(32))
    __table_args__ = (Index('my_index', "a", "b"), )

完成@zzzeek的答案。

如果要使用DESC添加复合索引并使用ORM声明性方法，则可以执行以下操作。

此外，我还在SQSAlchemy 的功能索引文档中苦苦挣扎，试图找出一种替代方法mytable.c.somecol。

from sqlalchemy import Index

Index('someindex', mytable.c.somecol.desc())

我们可以使用model属性并对其进行调用.desc()：

from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy

db = SQLAlchemy()

class GpsReport(db.Model):
    __tablename__ = 'gps_report'

    id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.Sequence('gps_report_id_seq'), nullable=False, autoincrement=True, server_default=db.text("nextval('gps_report_id_seq'::regclass)"))

    timestamp = db.Column(db.DateTime, nullable=False, primary_key=True)

    device_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('device.id'), primary_key=True, autoincrement=False)
    device = db.relationship("Device", back_populates="gps_reports")


    # Indexes

    __table_args__ = (
        db.Index('gps_report_timestamp_device_id_idx', timestamp.desc(), device_id),
    )

如果您使用Alembic，那么我使用的是Flask-Migrate，它会生成如下内容：

from alembic import op  
import sqlalchemy as sa
# Added manually this import
from sqlalchemy.schema import Sequence, CreateSequence


def upgrade():
    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
    # Manually added the Sequence creation
    op.execute(CreateSequence(Sequence('gps_report_id_seq')))

    op.create_table('gps_report',
    sa.Column('id', sa.Integer(), server_default=sa.text("nextval('gps_report_id_seq'::regclass)"), nullable=False),
    sa.Column('timestamp', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False))
    sa.Column('device_id', sa.Integer(), autoincrement=False, nullable=False),
    op.create_index('gps_report_timestamp_device_id_idx', 'gps_report', [sa.text('timestamp DESC'), 'device_id'], unique=False)


def downgrade():
    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
    op.drop_index('gps_report_timestamp_device_id_idx', table_name='gps_report')
    op.drop_table('gps_report')

    # Manually added the Sequence removal
    op.execute(sa.schema.DropSequence(sa.Sequence('gps_report_id_seq'))) 
    # ### end Alembic commands ###

最后，您应该在PostgreSQL数据库中具有以下表和索引：

psql> \d gps_report;
                                           Table "public.gps_report"
     Column      |            Type             | Collation | Nullable |                Default                 
-----------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+----------------------------------------
 id              | integer                     |           | not null | nextval('gps_report_id_seq'::regclass)
 timestamp       | timestamp without time zone |           | not null | 
 device_id       | integer                     |           | not null | 
Indexes:
    "gps_report_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree ("timestamp", device_id)
    "gps_report_timestamp_device_id_idx" btree ("timestamp" DESC, device_id)
Foreign-key constraints:
    "gps_report_device_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (device_id) REFERENCES device(id)