正如教程向我展示的那样,我已经在前几个脚本上构建了一个不错的GUI,但是没有一个脚本解决更复杂的程序的问题。
如果在打开屏幕上有带有“开始菜单”的内容,并且在用户选择后移动到程序的其他部分并适当地重新绘制屏幕,那么执行此操作的优雅方法是什么?
是否只是.destroy()
一个“开始菜单”框架,然后创建一个新的窗口小部件,并填充另一部分的小部件?并在他们按下“后退”按钮时逆转此过程?
正如教程向我展示的那样,我已经在前几个脚本上构建了一个不错的GUI,但是没有一个脚本解决更复杂的程序的问题。
如果在打开屏幕上有带有“开始菜单”的内容,并且在用户选择后移动到程序的其他部分并适当地重新绘制屏幕,那么执行此操作的优雅方法是什么?
是否只是.destroy()
一个“开始菜单”框架,然后创建一个新的窗口小部件,并填充另一部分的小部件?并在他们按下“后退”按钮时逆转此过程?
Answers:
一种方法是将框架堆叠在一起,然后您可以按照堆叠顺序将一个框架放在另一个之上。最上面的一个将是可见的。如果所有框架的尺寸都相同,则效果最好,但是只需一点点工作,即可使其适用于任何尺寸的框架。
注意:为了使此功能正常工作,页面的所有小部件都必须具有该页面(即:)self
或后代作为父级(或母版,取决于您喜欢的术语)。
以下是一些人为设计的示例,向您展示了一般概念:
try:
import tkinter as tk # python 3
from tkinter import font as tkfont # python 3
except ImportError:
import Tkinter as tk # python 2
import tkFont as tkfont # python 2
class SampleApp(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
self.title_font = tkfont.Font(family='Helvetica', size=18, weight="bold", slant="italic")
# the container is where we'll stack a bunch of frames
# on top of each other, then the one we want visible
# will be raised above the others
container = tk.Frame(self)
container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
self.frames = {}
for F in (StartPage, PageOne, PageTwo):
page_name = F.__name__
frame = F(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames[page_name] = frame
# put all of the pages in the same location;
# the one on the top of the stacking order
# will be the one that is visible.
frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.show_frame("StartPage")
def show_frame(self, page_name):
'''Show a frame for the given page name'''
frame = self.frames[page_name]
frame.tkraise()
class StartPage(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, controller):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.controller = controller
label = tk.Label(self, text="This is the start page", font=controller.title_font)
label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
button1 = tk.Button(self, text="Go to Page One",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("PageOne"))
button2 = tk.Button(self, text="Go to Page Two",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("PageTwo"))
button1.pack()
button2.pack()
class PageOne(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, controller):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.controller = controller
label = tk.Label(self, text="This is page 1", font=controller.title_font)
label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
button = tk.Button(self, text="Go to the start page",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("StartPage"))
button.pack()
class PageTwo(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, controller):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
self.controller = controller
label = tk.Label(self, text="This is page 2", font=controller.title_font)
label.pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
button = tk.Button(self, text="Go to the start page",
command=lambda: controller.show_frame("StartPage"))
button.pack()
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = SampleApp()
app.mainloop()
如果在类中发现创建实例的概念令人困惑,或者在构造过程中不同的页面需要不同的参数,则可以分别显式调用每个类。该循环主要用于说明每个类都相同的观点。
例如,要单独创建类,可以删除循环(for F in (StartPage, ...)
使用以下命令:
self.frames["StartPage"] = StartPage(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["PageOne"] = PageOne(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["PageTwo"] = PageTwo(parent=container, controller=self)
self.frames["StartPage"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.frames["PageOne"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
self.frames["PageTwo"].grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
随着时间的流逝,人们以该代码(或复制该代码的在线教程)提出了其他问题。您可能需要阅读以下问题的答案:
pack_forget
如果您使用,可以使用pack
。
这是另一个简单的答案,但不使用类。
from tkinter import *
def raise_frame(frame):
frame.tkraise()
root = Tk()
f1 = Frame(root)
f2 = Frame(root)
f3 = Frame(root)
f4 = Frame(root)
for frame in (f1, f2, f3, f4):
frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='news')
Button(f1, text='Go to frame 2', command=lambda:raise_frame(f2)).pack()
Label(f1, text='FRAME 1').pack()
Label(f2, text='FRAME 2').pack()
Button(f2, text='Go to frame 3', command=lambda:raise_frame(f3)).pack()
Label(f3, text='FRAME 3').pack(side='left')
Button(f3, text='Go to frame 4', command=lambda:raise_frame(f4)).pack(side='left')
Label(f4, text='FRAME 4').pack()
Button(f4, text='Goto to frame 1', command=lambda:raise_frame(f1)).pack()
raise_frame(f1)
root.mainloop()
警告:以下答案可能会通过反复破坏和重新创建帧而导致内存泄漏。
切换框架的一种方法tkinter
是销毁旧框架,然后将其替换为新框架。
我已经修改了布莱恩·奥克利(Bryan Oakley)的答案,以便在替换旧框架之前将其破坏。另外,这消除了对container
对象的需求,并允许您使用任何泛型Frame
类。
# Multi-frame tkinter application v2.3
import tkinter as tk
class SampleApp(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self):
tk.Tk.__init__(self)
self._frame = None
self.switch_frame(StartPage)
def switch_frame(self, frame_class):
"""Destroys current frame and replaces it with a new one."""
new_frame = frame_class(self)
if self._frame is not None:
self._frame.destroy()
self._frame = new_frame
self._frame.pack()
class StartPage(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
tk.Label(self, text="This is the start page").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
tk.Button(self, text="Open page one",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(PageOne)).pack()
tk.Button(self, text="Open page two",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(PageTwo)).pack()
class PageOne(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
tk.Label(self, text="This is page one").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
tk.Button(self, text="Return to start page",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(StartPage)).pack()
class PageTwo(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
tk.Frame.__init__(self, master)
tk.Label(self, text="This is page two").pack(side="top", fill="x", pady=10)
tk.Button(self, text="Return to start page",
command=lambda: master.switch_frame(StartPage)).pack()
if __name__ == "__main__":
app = SampleApp()
app.mainloop()
switch_frame()
通过接受任何实现的Class对象来工作Frame
。然后,该函数创建一个新框架来替换旧框架。
_frame
如果存在),然后将其替换为新的框架。.pack()
,例如菜单栏,将不受影响。tkinter.Frame
。v2.3
- Pack buttons and labels as they are initialized
v2.2
- Initialize `_frame` as `None`.
- Check if `_frame` is `None` before calling `.destroy()`.
v2.1.1
- Remove type-hinting for backwards compatibility with Python 3.4.
v2.1
- Add type-hinting for `frame_class`.
v2.0
- Remove extraneous `container` frame.
- Application now works with any generic `tkinter.frame` instance.
- Remove `controller` argument from frame classes.
- Frame switching is now done with `master.switch_frame()`.
v1.6
- Check if frame attribute exists before destroying it.
- Use `switch_frame()` to set first frame.
v1.5
- Revert 'Initialize new `_frame` after old `_frame` is destroyed'.
- Initializing the frame before calling `.destroy()` results
in a smoother visual transition.
v1.4
- Pack frames in `switch_frame()`.
- Initialize new `_frame` after old `_frame` is destroyed.
- Remove `new_frame` variable.
v1.3
- Rename `parent` to `master` for consistency with base `Frame` class.
v1.2
- Remove `main()` function.
v1.1
- Rename `frame` to `_frame`.
- Naming implies variable should be private.
- Create new frame before destroying old frame.
v1.0
- Initial version.
self
)。
switch_frame()
可能有点误导。我应该重命名为replace_frame()
吗?