列出字符串/整数的所有排列

对采访进行编程的一个常见任务（尽管不是我的采访经验）是获取一个字符串或整数并列出所有可能的排列。

是否有一个示例，说明了如何完成此操作以及解决此问题的逻辑？

我已经看到了一些代码片段，但是它们没有得到很好的注释/解释，因此很难遵循。

首先：当然，它闻起来像递归！

由于您也想了解该原理，因此我尽力用人类语言来解释它。我认为在大多数情况下，递归非常容易。您只需要掌握两个步骤：

1. 第一步
2. 所有其他步骤（逻辑相同）

用人类语言：

简而言之：
1. 1个元素的排列是一个元素。
2.一组元素的排列是每个元素的列表，并与其他元素的每个排列串联在一起。

例：

如果集合只有一个元素->
返回它。
烫发（a）-> a

如果集合有两个字符：对于其中的每个元素：返回元素，并添加其余元素的排列，如下所示：

烫发（ab）->

a +烫发（b）-> ab

b +烫发（a）-> ba

进一步：对于集合中的每个字符：返回一个字符，该字符与一组>其余集合相结合

烫发（abc）->

a +烫发（bc）-> abc，acb

b +烫发（ac）-> bac，bca

c +烫发（ab）-> cab，cba

烫发（abc ... z）->

a +烫发（...），b +烫发（....）
....

我在http://www.programmersheaven.com/mb/Algorithms/369713/369713/permutation-algorithm-help/上找到了伪代码：

makePermutations(permutation) {
  if (length permutation < required length) {
    for (i = min digit to max digit) {
      if (i not in permutation) {
        makePermutations(permutation+i)
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    add permutation to list
  }
}

C＃

好的，从http://radio.weblogs.com/0111551/stories/2002/10/14/permutations.html进行更详尽的介绍（由于它被标记为c＃）：相当冗长，但是我决定复制它无论如何，因此帖子不依赖原始帖子。

该函数接收一个字符串，并记下该精确字符串的所有可能排列，因此，例如，如果提供了“ ABC”，应溢出：

ABC，ACB，BAC，BCA，CAB，CBA。

码：

class Program
{
    private static void Swap(ref char a, ref char b)
    {
        if (a == b) return;

        var temp = a;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
    }

    public static void GetPer(char[] list)
    {
        int x = list.Length - 1;
        GetPer(list, 0, x);
    }

    private static void GetPer(char[] list, int k, int m)
    {
        if (k == m)
        {
            Console.Write(list);
        }
        else
            for (int i = k; i <= m; i++)
            {
                   Swap(ref list[k], ref list[i]);
                   GetPer(list, k + 1, m);
                   Swap(ref list[k], ref list[i]);
            }
    }

    static void Main()
    {
        string str = "sagiv";
        char[] arr = str.ToCharArray();
        GetPer(arr);
    }
}

如果允许使用LINQ，则只有两行代码。请在这里查看我的答案。

编辑

这是我的通用函数，可以从T列表中返回所有排列（而不是组合）：

static IEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>>
    GetPermutations<T>(IEnumerable<T> list, int length)
{
    if (length == 1) return list.Select(t => new T[] { t });

    return GetPermutations(list, length - 1)
        .SelectMany(t => list.Where(e => !t.Contains(e)),
            (t1, t2) => t1.Concat(new T[] { t2 }));
}

例：

IEnumerable<IEnumerable<int>> result =
    GetPermutations(Enumerable.Range(1, 3), 3);

输出-整数列表列表：

{1,2,3} {1,3,2} {2,1,3} {2,3,1} {3,1,2} {3,2,1}

由于此功能使用LINQ，因此需要.net 3.5或更高版本。

在这里，我找到了解决方案。它是用Java编写的，但是我已经将其转换为C＃。希望对您有帮助。

这是C＃中的代码：

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    string str = "ABC";
    char[] charArry = str.ToCharArray();
    Permute(charArry, 0, 2);
    Console.ReadKey();
}

static void Permute(char[] arry, int i, int n)
{
    int j;
    if (i==n)
        Console.WriteLine(arry);
    else
    {
        for(j = i; j <=n; j++)
        {
            Swap(ref arry[i],ref arry[j]);
            Permute(arry,i+1,n);
            Swap(ref arry[i], ref arry[j]); //backtrack
        }
    }
}

static void Swap(ref char a, ref char b)
{
    char tmp;
    tmp = a;
    a=b;
    b = tmp;
}

递归不是必需的，这里是有关此解决方案的良好信息。

var values1 = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

foreach (var permutation in values1.GetPermutations())
{
    Console.WriteLine(string.Join(", ", permutation));
}

var values2 = new[] { 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' };

foreach (var permutation in values2.GetPermutations())
{
    Console.WriteLine(string.Join(", ", permutation));
}

Console.ReadLine();

我已经使用该算法多年，它具有O（N）的 时间和空间复杂度来计算每个置换。

public static class SomeExtensions
{
    public static IEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> GetPermutations<T>(this IEnumerable<T> enumerable)
    {
        var array = enumerable as T[] ?? enumerable.ToArray();

        var factorials = Enumerable.Range(0, array.Length + 1)
            .Select(Factorial)
            .ToArray();

        for (var i = 0L; i < factorials[array.Length]; i++)
        {
            var sequence = GenerateSequence(i, array.Length - 1, factorials);

            yield return GeneratePermutation(array, sequence);
        }
    }

    private static IEnumerable<T> GeneratePermutation<T>(T[] array, IReadOnlyList<int> sequence)
    {
        var clone = (T[]) array.Clone();

        for (int i = 0; i < clone.Length - 1; i++)
        {
            Swap(ref clone[i], ref clone[i + sequence[i]]);
        }

        return clone;
    }

    private static int[] GenerateSequence(long number, int size, IReadOnlyList<long> factorials)
    {
        var sequence = new int[size];

        for (var j = 0; j < sequence.Length; j++)
        {
            var facto = factorials[sequence.Length - j];

            sequence[j] = (int)(number / facto);
            number = (int)(number % facto);
        }

        return sequence;
    }

    static void Swap<T>(ref T a, ref T b)
    {
        T temp = a;
        a = b;
        b = temp;
    }

    private static long Factorial(int n)
    {
        long result = n;

        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
        {
            result = result * i;
        }

        return result;
    }
}

void permute (char *str, int ptr) {
  int i, len;
  len = strlen(str);
  if (ptr == len) {
    printf ("%s\n", str);
    return;
  }

  for (i = ptr ; i < len ; i++) {
    swap (&str[ptr], &str[i]);
    permute (str, ptr + 1);
    swap (&str[ptr], &str[i]);
  }
}

您可以编写交换功能来交换字符。
这称为permute（string，0）;

首先，集合具有置换，而不是字符串或整数，因此我仅假设您的意思是“字符串中的字符集”。

注意，大小为n的集合具有n！n排列。

以下伪代码（来自Wikipedia），用k = 1 ... n调用！将给出所有排列：

function permutation(k, s) {
    for j = 2 to length(s) {
        swap s[(k mod j) + 1] with s[j]; // note that our array is indexed starting at 1
        k := k / j; // integer division cuts off the remainder
    }
    return s;
}

以下是等效的Python代码（用于基于0的数组索引）：

def permutation(k, s):
    r = s[:]
    for j in range(2, len(s)+1):
        r[j-1], r[k%j] = r[k%j], r[j-1]
        k = k/j+1
    return r

C＃中的略微修改版本，可在ANY类型的数组中产生所需的排列。

    // USAGE: create an array of any type, and call Permutations()
    var vals = new[] {"a", "bb", "ccc"};
    foreach (var v in Permutations(vals))
        Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", v)); // Print values separated by comma


public static IEnumerable<T[]> Permutations<T>(T[] values, int fromInd = 0)
{
    if (fromInd + 1 == values.Length)
        yield return values;
    else
    {
        foreach (var v in Permutations(values, fromInd + 1))
            yield return v;

        for (var i = fromInd + 1; i < values.Length; i++)
        {
            SwapValues(values, fromInd, i);
            foreach (var v in Permutations(values, fromInd + 1))
                yield return v;
            SwapValues(values, fromInd, i);
        }
    }
}

private static void SwapValues<T>(T[] values, int pos1, int pos2)
{
    if (pos1 != pos2)
    {
        T tmp = values[pos1];
        values[pos1] = values[pos2];
        values[pos2] = tmp;
    }
}

class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Permutation("abc");
    }

    static void Permutation(string rest, string prefix = "")
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(rest)) Console.WriteLine(prefix);

        // Each letter has a chance to be permutated
        for (int i = 0; i < rest.Length; i++)
        {                
            Permutation(rest.Remove(i, 1), prefix + rest[i]);
        }
    }
}

我喜欢FBryant87方法，因为它很简单。不幸的是，它确实像许多其他“解决方案”一样，不提供所有排列，或者如果它多次包含相同的数字，则不能提供整数。以656123为例。该行：

var tail = chars.Except(new List<char>(){c});

使用除了会导致所有出现被删除，即当C = 6，两个数字被删除，留给我们的，例如5123.由于没有我试图解决这个解决方案，我决定尝试和解决它自己FBryant87的代码作为基础。这是我想出的：

private static List<string> FindPermutations(string set)
    {
        var output = new List<string>();
        if (set.Length == 1)
        {
            output.Add(set);
        }
        else
        {
            foreach (var c in set)
            {
                // Remove one occurrence of the char (not all)
                var tail = set.Remove(set.IndexOf(c), 1);
                foreach (var tailPerms in FindPermutations(tail))
                {
                    output.Add(c + tailPerms);
                }
            }
        }
        return output;
    }

我只是使用.Remove和.IndexOf删除第一个发现的事件。似乎至少可以按我的预期使用。我相信它可以变得更聪明。

但是要注意一件事：结果列表可能包含重复项，因此请确保使该方法返回，例如改为HashSet，或者在返回后使用您喜欢的任何方法删除重复项。

这篇好文章涵盖了三种用于查找所有排列的算法，其中包括一种用于查找下一个排列的算法。

http://www.cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/AllPerm.shtml

C ++和Python分别具有内置的next_permutation和itertools.permutations函数。

这是一个纯功能性的F＃实现：

let factorial i =
    let rec fact n x =
        match n with
        | 0 -> 1
        | 1 -> x
        | _ -> fact (n-1) (x*n)
    fact i 1

let swap (arr:'a array) i j = [| for k in 0..(arr.Length-1) -> if k = i then arr.[j] elif k = j then arr.[i] else arr.[k] |]

let rec permutation (k:int,j:int) (r:'a array) =
    if j = (r.Length + 1) then r
    else permutation (k/j+1, j+1) (swap r (j-1) (k%j))

let permutations (source:'a array) = seq { for k = 0 to (source |> Array.length |> factorial) - 1 do yield permutation (k,2) source }

通过更改交换以利用CLR阵列的可变性，可以大大提高性能，但是此实现对于源阵列而言是线程安全的，在某些情况下可能是希望的。同样，对于具有16个以上元素的数组，必须将int替换为具有更高/任意精度的类型，因为阶乘17会导致int32溢出。

这是使用递归的c＃中的简单解决方案，

void Main()
{
    string word = "abc";
    WordPermuatation("",word);
}

void WordPermuatation(string prefix, string word)
{
    int n = word.Length;
    if (n == 0) { Console.WriteLine(prefix); }
    else
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            WordPermuatation(prefix + word[i],word.Substring(0, i) + word.Substring(i + 1, n - (i+1)));
        }
    }
}

这是一个易于理解的排列函数，用于输入字符串和整数。使用它甚至可以设置输出长度（通常情况下，它等于输入长度）

串

    static ICollection<string> result;

    public static ICollection<string> GetAllPermutations(string str, int outputLength)
    {
        result = new List<string>();
        MakePermutations(str.ToCharArray(), string.Empty, outputLength);
        return result;
    }

    private static void MakePermutations(
       char[] possibleArray,//all chars extracted from input
       string permutation,
       int outputLength//the length of output)
    {
         if (permutation.Length < outputLength)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < possibleArray.Length; i++)
             {
                 var tempList = possibleArray.ToList<char>();
                 tempList.RemoveAt(i);
                 MakePermutations(tempList.ToArray(), 
                      string.Concat(permutation, possibleArray[i]), outputLength);
             }
         }
         else if (!result.Contains(permutation))
            result.Add(permutation);
    }

对于Integer，只需更改调用者方法，MakePermutations（）便保持不变：

    public static ICollection<int> GetAllPermutations(int input, int outputLength)
    {
        result = new List<string>();
        MakePermutations(input.ToString().ToCharArray(), string.Empty, outputLength);
        return result.Select(m => int.Parse(m)).ToList<int>();
    }

示例1：GetAllPermutations（“ abc”，3）; “ abc”“ acb”“ bac”“ bca”“ cab”“ cba”

示例2：GetAllPermutations（“ abcd”，2）; “ ab”“ ac”“ ad”“ ba”“ bc”“ bd”“ ca”“ cb”“ cd”“ da”“ db”“ dc”

示例3：GetAllPermutations（486,2）; 48 46 84 86 64 68

这是将打印所有排列的函数。该功能实现了彼得解释的逻辑。

public class Permutation
{
    //http://www.java2s.com/Tutorial/Java/0100__Class-Definition/RecursivemethodtofindallpermutationsofaString.htm

    public static void permuteString(String beginningString, String endingString)
    {           

        if (endingString.Length <= 1)
            Console.WriteLine(beginningString + endingString);
        else
            for (int i = 0; i < endingString.Length; i++)
            {

                String newString = endingString.Substring(0, i) + endingString.Substring(i + 1);

                permuteString(beginningString + endingString.ElementAt(i), newString);

            }
    }
}

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {

        Permutation.permuteString(String.Empty, "abc");
        Console.ReadLine();

    }

下面是我的置换的实现。不要介意变量名，因为我这样做很有趣:)

class combinations
{
    static void Main()
    {

        string choice = "y";
        do
        {
            try
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Enter word :");
                string abc = Console.ReadLine().ToString();
                Console.WriteLine("Combinatins for word :");
                List<string> final = comb(abc);
                int count = 1;
                foreach (string s in final)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("{0} --> {1}", count++, s);
                }
                Console.WriteLine("Do you wish to continue(y/n)?");
                choice = Console.ReadLine().ToString();
            }
            catch (Exception exc)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(exc);
            }
        } while (choice == "y" || choice == "Y");
    }

    static string swap(string test)
    {
        return swap(0, 1, test);
    }

    static List<string> comb(string test)
    {
        List<string> sec = new List<string>();
        List<string> first = new List<string>();
        if (test.Length == 1) first.Add(test);
        else if (test.Length == 2) { first.Add(test); first.Add(swap(test)); }
        else if (test.Length > 2)
        {
            sec = generateWords(test);
            foreach (string s in sec)
            {
                string init = s.Substring(0, 1);
                string restOfbody = s.Substring(1, s.Length - 1);

                List<string> third = comb(restOfbody);
                foreach (string s1 in third)
                {
                    if (!first.Contains(init + s1)) first.Add(init + s1);
                }


            }
        }

        return first;
    }

    static string ShiftBack(string abc)
    {
        char[] arr = abc.ToCharArray();
        char temp = arr[0];
        string wrd = string.Empty;
        for (int i = 1; i < arr.Length; i++)
        {
            wrd += arr[i];
        }

        wrd += temp;
        return wrd;
    }

    static List<string> generateWords(string test)
    {
        List<string> final = new List<string>();
        if (test.Length == 1)
            final.Add(test);
        else
        {
            final.Add(test);
            string holdString = test;
            while (final.Count < test.Length)
            {
                holdString = ShiftBack(holdString);
                final.Add(holdString);
            }
        }

        return final;
    }

    static string swap(int currentPosition, int targetPosition, string temp)
    {
        char[] arr = temp.ToCharArray();
        char t = arr[currentPosition];
        arr[currentPosition] = arr[targetPosition];
        arr[targetPosition] = t;
        string word = string.Empty;
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.Length; i++)
        {
            word += arr[i];

        }

        return word;

    }
}

这是我写的一个高级示例，阐释了Peter给出的人类语言解释：

    public List<string> FindPermutations(string input)
    {
        if (input.Length == 1)
            return new List<string> { input };
        var perms = new List<string>();
        foreach (var c in input)
        {
            var others = input.Remove(input.IndexOf(c), 1);
            perms.AddRange(FindPermutations(others).Select(perm => c + perm));
        }
        return perms;
    }

如果性能和内存是一个问题，我建议这种非常有效的实现。根据Wikipedia中的Heap算法，它应该是最快的。希望它能满足您的需求:-)！

就像将它与10的Linq实现进行比较！（包括代码）：

• 这：235毫秒中的36288000个项目

• LINQ：50051毫米中的36288000个项目

  using System;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  using System.Diagnostics;
  using System.Linq;
  using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
  using System.Text;
  
  namespace WpfPermutations
  {
      /// <summary>
      /// EO: 2016-04-14
      /// Generator of all permutations of an array of anything.
      /// Base on Heap's Algorithm. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap%27s_algorithm#cite_note-3
      /// </summary>
      public static class Permutations
      {
          /// <summary>
          /// Heap's algorithm to find all pmermutations. Non recursive, more efficient.
          /// </summary>
          /// <param name="items">Items to permute in each possible ways</param>
          /// <param name="funcExecuteAndTellIfShouldStop"></param>
          /// <returns>Return true if cancelled</returns> 
          public static bool ForAllPermutation<T>(T[] items, Func<T[], bool> funcExecuteAndTellIfShouldStop)
          {
              int countOfItem = items.Length;
  
              if (countOfItem <= 1)
              {
                  return funcExecuteAndTellIfShouldStop(items);
              }
  
              var indexes = new int[countOfItem];
              for (int i = 0; i < countOfItem; i++)
              {
                  indexes[i] = 0;
              }
  
              if (funcExecuteAndTellIfShouldStop(items))
              {
                  return true;
              }
  
              for (int i = 1; i < countOfItem;)
              {
                  if (indexes[i] < i)
                  { // On the web there is an implementation with a multiplication which should be less efficient.
                      if ((i & 1) == 1) // if (i % 2 == 1)  ... more efficient ??? At least the same.
                      {
                          Swap(ref items[i], ref items[indexes[i]]);
                      }
                      else
                      {
                          Swap(ref items[i], ref items[0]);
                      }
  
                      if (funcExecuteAndTellIfShouldStop(items))
                      {
                          return true;
                      }
  
                      indexes[i]++;
                      i = 1;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      indexes[i++] = 0;
                  }
              }
  
              return false;
          }
  
          /// <summary>
          /// This function is to show a linq way but is far less efficient
          /// </summary>
          /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
          /// <param name="list"></param>
          /// <param name="length"></param>
          /// <returns></returns>
          static IEnumerable<IEnumerable<T>> GetPermutations<T>(IEnumerable<T> list, int length)
          {
              if (length == 1) return list.Select(t => new T[] { t });
  
              return GetPermutations(list, length - 1)
                  .SelectMany(t => list.Where(e => !t.Contains(e)),
                      (t1, t2) => t1.Concat(new T[] { t2 }));
          }
  
          /// <summary>
          /// Swap 2 elements of same type
          /// </summary>
          /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
          /// <param name="a"></param>
          /// <param name="b"></param>
          [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
          static void Swap<T>(ref T a, ref T b)
          {
              T temp = a;
              a = b;
              b = temp;
          }
  
          /// <summary>
          /// Func to show how to call. It does a little test for an array of 4 items.
          /// </summary>
          public static void Test()
          {
              ForAllPermutation("123".ToCharArray(), (vals) =>
              {
                  Debug.Print(String.Join("", vals));
                  return false;
              });
  
              int[] values = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 4 };
  
              Debug.Print("Non Linq");
              ForAllPermutation(values, (vals) =>
              {
                  Debug.Print(String.Join("", vals));
                  return false;
              });
  
              Debug.Print("Linq");
              foreach(var v in GetPermutations(values, values.Length))
              {
                  Debug.Print(String.Join("", v));
              }
  
              // Performance
              int count = 0;
  
              values = new int[10];
              for(int n = 0; n < values.Length; n++)
              {
                  values[n] = n;
              }
  
              Stopwatch stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
              stopWatch.Reset();
              stopWatch.Start();
  
              ForAllPermutation(values, (vals) =>
              {
                  foreach(var v in vals)
                  {
                      count++;
                  }
                  return false;
              });
  
              stopWatch.Stop();
              Debug.Print($"Non Linq {count} items in {stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds} millisecs");
  
              count = 0;
              stopWatch.Reset();
              stopWatch.Start();
  
              foreach (var vals in GetPermutations(values, values.Length))
              {
                  foreach (var v in vals)
                  {
                      count++;
                  }
              }
  
              stopWatch.Stop();
              Debug.Print($"Linq {count} items in {stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds} millisecs");
  
          }
      }
  }

这是我在JavaScript（NodeJS）中的解决方案。主要思想是我们一次获取一个元素，将其从字符串中“删除”，改变其余字符，然后将该元素插入到最前面。

function perms (string) {
  if (string.length == 0) {
    return [];
  }
  if (string.length == 1) {
    return [string];
  }
  var list = [];
  for(var i = 0; i < string.length; i++) {
    var invariant = string[i];
    var rest = string.substr(0, i) + string.substr(i + 1);
    var newPerms = perms(rest);
    for (var j = 0; j < newPerms.length; j++) {
      list.push(invariant + newPerms[j]);
    }
  }
  return list;
}

module.exports = perms;

这是测试：

require('should');
var permutations = require('../src/perms');

describe('permutations', function () {
  it('should permute ""', function () {
    permutations('').should.eql([]);
  })

  it('should permute "1"', function () {
    permutations('1').should.eql(['1']);
  })

  it('should permute "12"', function () {
    permutations('12').should.eql(['12', '21']);
  })

  it('should permute "123"', function () {
    var expected = ['123', '132', '321', '213', '231', '312'];
    var actual = permutations('123');
    expected.forEach(function (e) {
      actual.should.containEql(e);
    })
  })

  it('should permute "1234"', function () {
    // Wolfram Alpha FTW!
    var expected = ['1234', '1243', '1324', '1342', '1423', '1432', '2134', '2143', '2314', '2341', '2413', '2431', '3124', '3142', '3214', '3241', '3412', '3421', '4123', '4132'];
    var actual = permutations('1234');
    expected.forEach(function (e) {
      actual.should.containEql(e);
    })
  })
})

这是我能想到的最简单的解决方案：

let rec distribute e = function
  | [] -> [[e]]
  | x::xs' as xs -> (e::xs)::[for xs in distribute e xs' -> x::xs]

let permute xs = Seq.fold (fun ps x -> List.collect (distribute x) ps) [[]] xs

该distribute函数接受一个新元素e和一个n-element列表，并返回一个列表列表，n+1每个列表都已e插入不同的位置。例如，10在列表的四个可能位置分别插入[1;2;3]：

> distribute 10 [1..3];;
val it : int list list =
  [[10; 1; 2; 3]; [1; 10; 2; 3]; [1; 2; 10; 3]; [1; 2; 3; 10]]

该permute功能在折叠依次分布在迄今积累的排列，在所有排列高潮每个元素。例如，列表的6个排列[1;2;3]：

> permute [1;2;3];;
val it : int list list =
  [[3; 2; 1]; [2; 3; 1]; [2; 1; 3]; [3; 1; 2]; [1; 3; 2]; [1; 2; 3]]

为了保持中间累加器而fold将a 更改为a scan可以了解一些如何一次生成元素的排列：

> Seq.scan (fun ps x -> List.collect (distribute x) ps) [[]] [1..3];;
val it : seq<int list list> =
  seq
    [[[]]; [[1]]; [[2; 1]; [1; 2]];
     [[3; 2; 1]; [2; 3; 1]; [2; 1; 3]; [3; 1; 2]; [1; 3; 2]; [1; 2; 3]]]

列出字符串的排列。重复字符时避免重复：

using System;
using System.Collections;

class Permutation{
  static IEnumerable Permutations(string word){
    if (word == null || word.Length <= 1) {
      yield return word;
      yield break;
    }

    char firstChar = word[0];
    foreach( string subPermute in Permutations (word.Substring (1)) ) {
      int indexOfFirstChar = subPermute.IndexOf (firstChar);
      if (indexOfFirstChar == -1) indexOfFirstChar = subPermute.Length;

      for( int index = 0; index <= indexOfFirstChar; index++ )
        yield return subPermute.Insert (index, new string (firstChar, 1));
    }
  }

  static void Main(){
    foreach( var permutation in Permutations ("aab") )
      Console.WriteLine (permutation);
  }
}

在@Peter解决方案的基础上，这是一个声明Permutations()可在any上使用的简单LINQ样式扩展方法的版本IEnumerable<T>。

用法（以字符串字符为例）：

foreach (var permutation in "abc".Permutations())
{
    Console.WriteLine(string.Join(", ", permutation));
}

输出：

a, b, c
a, c, b
b, a, c
b, c, a
c, b, a
c, a, b

或在任何其他集合类型上：

foreach (var permutation in (new[] { "Apples", "Oranges", "Pears"}).Permutations())
{
    Console.WriteLine(string.Join(", ", permutation));
}

输出：

Apples, Oranges, Pears
Apples, Pears, Oranges
Oranges, Apples, Pears
Oranges, Pears, Apples
Pears, Oranges, Apples
Pears, Apples, Oranges

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

public static class PermutationExtension
{
    public static IEnumerable<T[]> Permutations<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source)
    {
        var sourceArray = source.ToArray();
        var results = new List<T[]>();
        Permute(sourceArray, 0, sourceArray.Length - 1, results);
        return results;
    }

    private static void Swap<T>(ref T a, ref T b)
    {
        T tmp = a;
        a = b;
        b = tmp;
    }

    private static void Permute<T>(T[] elements, int recursionDepth, int maxDepth, ICollection<T[]> results)
    {
        if (recursionDepth == maxDepth)
        {
            results.Add(elements.ToArray());
            return;
        }

        for (var i = recursionDepth; i <= maxDepth; i++)
        {
            Swap(ref elements[recursionDepth], ref elements[i]);
            Permute(elements, recursionDepth + 1, maxDepth, results);
            Swap(ref elements[recursionDepth], ref elements[i]);
        }
    }
}

这是将递归打印所有排列的函数。

public void Permutations(string input, StringBuilder sb)
    {
        if (sb.Length == input.Length)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
            return;
        }

        char[] inChar = input.ToCharArray();

        for (int i = 0; i < input.Length; i++)
        {
            if (!sb.ToString().Contains(inChar[i]))
            {
                sb.Append(inChar[i]);
                Permutations(input, sb);    
                RemoveChar(sb, inChar[i]);
            }
        }
    }

private bool RemoveChar(StringBuilder input, char toRemove)
    {
        int index = input.ToString().IndexOf(toRemove);
        if (index >= 0)
        {
            input.Remove(index, 1);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

class Permutation
{
    public static List<string> Permutate(string seed, List<string> lstsList)
    {
        loopCounter = 0;
        // string s="\w{0,2}";
        var lstStrs = PermuateRecursive(seed);

        Trace.WriteLine("Loop counter :" + loopCounter);
        return lstStrs;
    }

    // Recursive function to find permutation
    private static List<string> PermuateRecursive(string seed)
    {
        List<string> lstStrs = new List<string>();

        if (seed.Length > 2)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < seed.Length; i++)
            {
                str = Swap(seed, 0, i);

                PermuateRecursive(str.Substring(1, str.Length - 1)).ForEach(
                    s =>
                    {
                        lstStrs.Add(str[0] + s);
                        loopCounter++;
                    });
                ;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            lstStrs.Add(seed);
            lstStrs.Add(Swap(seed, 0, 1));
        }
        return lstStrs;
    }
    //Loop counter variable to count total number of loop execution in various functions
    private static int loopCounter = 0;

    //Non recursive  version of permuation function
    public static List<string> Permutate(string seed)
    {
        loopCounter = 0;
        List<string> strList = new List<string>();
        strList.Add(seed);
        for (int i = 0; i < seed.Length; i++)
        {
            int count = strList.Count;
            for (int j = i + 1; j < seed.Length; j++)
            {
                for (int k = 0; k < count; k++)
                {
                    strList.Add(Swap(strList[k], i, j));
                    loopCounter++;
                }
            }
        }
        Trace.WriteLine("Loop counter :" + loopCounter);
        return strList;
    }

    private static string Swap(string seed, int p, int p2)
    {
        Char[] chars = seed.ToCharArray();
        char temp = chars[p2];
        chars[p2] = chars[p];
        chars[p] = temp;
        return new string(chars);
    }
}

这是一个简化的C＃答案。

public static void StringPermutationsDemo()
{
    strBldr = new StringBuilder();

    string result = Permute("ABCD".ToCharArray(), 0);
    MessageBox.Show(result);
}     

static string Permute(char[] elementsList, int startIndex)
{
    if (startIndex == elementsList.Length)
    {
        foreach (char element in elementsList)
        {
            strBldr.Append(" " + element);
        }
        strBldr.AppendLine("");
    }
    else
    {
        for (int tempIndex = startIndex; tempIndex <= elementsList.Length - 1; tempIndex++)
        {
            Swap(ref elementsList[startIndex], ref elementsList[tempIndex]);

            Permute(elementsList, (startIndex + 1));

            Swap(ref elementsList[startIndex], ref elementsList[tempIndex]);
        }
    }

    return strBldr.ToString();
}

static void Swap(ref char Char1, ref char Char2)
{
    char tempElement = Char1;
    Char1 = Char2;
    Char2 = tempElement;
}

输出：

1 2 3
1 3 2

2 1 3
2 3 1

3 2 1
3 1 2

这是我的解决方案，我很容易理解

class ClassicPermutationProblem
{
    ClassicPermutationProblem() { }

    private static void PopulatePosition<T>(List<List<T>> finalList, List<T> list, List<T> temp, int position)
    {
         foreach (T element in list)
         {
             List<T> currentTemp = temp.ToList();
             if (!currentTemp.Contains(element))
                currentTemp.Add(element);
             else
                continue;

             if (position == list.Count)
                finalList.Add(currentTemp);
             else
                PopulatePosition(finalList, list, currentTemp, position + 1);
        }
    }

    public static List<List<int>> GetPermutations(List<int> list)
    {
        List<List<int>> results = new List<List<int>>();
        PopulatePosition(results, list, new List<int>(), 1);
        return results;
     }
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    List<List<int>> results = ClassicPermutationProblem.GetPermutations(new List<int>() { 1, 2, 3 });
}

这是上述算法的另一种实现。

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        string str = "abcefgh";
        var astr = new Permutation().GenerateFor(str);
        Console.WriteLine(astr.Length);
        foreach(var a in astr)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(a);
        }
        //a.ForEach(Console.WriteLine);
    }
}

class Permutation
{
    public string[] GenerateFor(string s)
    {  

        if(s.Length == 1)
        {

            return new []{s}; 
        }

        else if(s.Length == 2)
        {

            return new []{s[1].ToString()+s[0].ToString(),s[0].ToString()+s[1].ToString()};

        }

        var comb = new List<string>();

        foreach(var c in s)
        {

            string cStr = c.ToString();

            var sToProcess = s.Replace(cStr,"");
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(sToProcess) && sToProcess.Length>0)
            {
                var conCatStr = GenerateFor(sToProcess);



                foreach(var a in conCatStr)
                {
                    comb.Add(c.ToString()+a);
                }


            }
        }
        return comb.ToArray();

    }
}

    //Generic C# Method
            private static List<T[]> GetPerms<T>(T[] input, int startIndex = 0)
            {
                var perms = new List<T[]>();

                var l = input.Length - 1;

                if (l == startIndex)
                    perms.Add(input);
                else
                {

                    for (int i = startIndex; i <= l; i++)
                    {
                        var copy = input.ToArray(); //make copy

                        var temp = copy[startIndex];

                        copy[startIndex] = copy[i];
                        copy[i] = temp;

                        perms.AddRange(GetPerms(copy, startIndex + 1));

                    }
                }

                return perms;
            }

            //usages
            char[] charArray = new char[] { 'A', 'B', 'C' };
            var charPerms = GetPerms(charArray);


            string[] stringArray = new string[] { "Orange", "Mango", "Apple" };
            var stringPerms = GetPerms(stringArray);


            int[] intArray = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };
            var intPerms = GetPerms(intArray);