如何更正TypeError：散列之前必须对Unicode对象进行编码？

我有这个错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "python_md5_cracker.py", line 27, in <module>
  m.update(line)
TypeError: Unicode-objects must be encoded before hashing

当我尝试在Python 3.2.2中执行以下代码时：

import hashlib, sys
m = hashlib.md5()
hash = ""
hash_file = input("What is the file name in which the hash resides?  ")
wordlist = input("What is your wordlist?  (Enter the file name)  ")
try:
  hashdocument = open(hash_file, "r")
except IOError:
  print("Invalid file.")
  raw_input()
  sys.exit()
else:
  hash = hashdocument.readline()
  hash = hash.replace("\n", "")

try:
  wordlistfile = open(wordlist, "r")
except IOError:
  print("Invalid file.")
  raw_input()
  sys.exit()
else:
  pass
for line in wordlistfile:
  # Flush the buffer (this caused a massive problem when placed 
  # at the beginning of the script, because the buffer kept getting
  # overwritten, thus comparing incorrect hashes)
  m = hashlib.md5()
  line = line.replace("\n", "")
  m.update(line)
  word_hash = m.hexdigest()
  if word_hash == hash:
    print("Collision! The word corresponding to the given hash is", line)
    input()
    sys.exit()

print("The hash given does not correspond to any supplied word in the wordlist.")
input()
sys.exit()

它可能正在寻找来自的字符编码wordlistfile。

wordlistfile = open(wordlist,"r",encoding='utf-8')

或者，如果您逐行工作：

line.encode('utf-8')

您必须定义encoding formatlike utf-8，尝试这种简单的方法，

本示例使用SHA256算法生成一个随机数：

>>> import hashlib
>>> hashlib.sha256(str(random.getrandbits(256)).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
'cd183a211ed2434eac4f31b317c573c50e6c24e3a28b82ddcb0bf8bedf387a9f'

要存储密码（PY3）：

import hashlib, os
password_salt = os.urandom(32).hex()
password = '12345'

hash = hashlib.sha512()
hash.update(('%s%s' % (password_salt, password)).encode('utf-8'))
password_hash = hash.hexdigest()

该错误已说明您必须执行的操作。MD5对字节进行操作，因此您必须将Unicode字符串编码为bytes，例如使用line.encode('utf-8')。

请首先查看该答案。

现在，该错误信息是明确的：你只能使用字节，而不是Python字符串（曾经被认为是unicode在Python <3），所以你必须与你的首选编码编码字符串：utf-32，utf-16，utf-8或受限制的甚至是一个8-位编码（有些可能称为代码页）。

从文件中读取时，Python 3将自动将单词列表文件中的字节解码为Unicode。我建议你这样做：

m.update(line.encode(wordlistfile.encoding))

因此，推送到md5算法的编码数据的编码方式与基础文件完全相同。

import hashlib
string_to_hash = '123'
hash_object = hashlib.sha256(str(string_to_hash).encode('utf-8'))
print('Hash', hash_object.hexdigest())

您可以以二进制模式打开文件：

import hashlib

with open(hash_file) as file:
    control_hash = file.readline().rstrip("\n")

wordlistfile = open(wordlist, "rb")
# ...
for line in wordlistfile:
    if hashlib.md5(line.rstrip(b'\n\r')).hexdigest() == control_hash:
       # collision

编码这行为我固定。

m.update(line.encode('utf-8'))

如果是单行字符串。用b或B包裹它。例如：

variable = b"This is a variable"

要么

variable2 = B"This is also a variable"

该程序是上述MD5破解程序的无错误和增强版本，该MD5破解程序读取包含哈希密码列表的文件，并根据英语词典单词列表中的哈希单词检查该文件。希望对您有所帮助。

我从以下链接https://github.com/dwyl/english-words下载了英语词典

# md5cracker.py
# English Dictionary https://github.com/dwyl/english-words 

import hashlib, sys

hash_file = 'exercise\hashed.txt'
wordlist = 'data_sets\english_dictionary\words.txt'

try:
    hashdocument = open(hash_file,'r')
except IOError:
    print('Invalid file.')
    sys.exit()
else:
    count = 0
    for hash in hashdocument:
        hash = hash.rstrip('\n')
        print(hash)
        i = 0
        with open(wordlist,'r') as wordlistfile:
            for word in wordlistfile:
                m = hashlib.md5()
                word = word.rstrip('\n')            
                m.update(word.encode('utf-8'))
                word_hash = m.hexdigest()
                if word_hash==hash:
                    print('The word, hash combination is ' + word + ',' + hash)
                    count += 1
                    break
                i += 1
        print('Itiration is ' + str(i))
    if count == 0:
        print('The hash given does not correspond to any supplied word in the wordlist.')
    else:
        print('Total passwords identified is: ' + str(count))
sys.exit()