如何按照协议使用WebSocket在服务器端发送和接收消息?
当我将数据从浏览器发送到服务器时,为什么在服务器上看似随机字节?它以某种方式对数据进行编码?
框架如何在服务器→客户端和客户端→服务器方向上工作?
Answers:
注意:这是一些解释和伪代码,说明如何实现非常琐碎的服务器,该服务器可以按照确定的帧格式处理传入和传出的WebSocket消息。它不包括握手过程。此外,这个答案是出于教育目的。它不是功能齐全的实现。
(换句话说,服务器→浏览器)
您要发送的帧需要根据WebSocket框架格式进行格式化。对于发送消息,此格式如下:
第一个字节是1000 0001
(或129
)文本框。
第二个字节的第一位设置为,0
因为我们不编码数据(从服务器到客户端的编码不是强制性的)。
有必要确定原始数据的长度,以便正确发送长度字节:
0 <= length <= 125
,则不需要其他字节126 <= length <= 65535
,则需要另外两个字节,第二个字节是126
length >= 65536
,则需要另外八个字节,第二个字节是127
长度必须切成单独的字节,这意味着您需要向右移位(共8位),然后仅保留最后的8位AND 1111 1111
(即255
)。
在长度字节之后是原始数据。
这导致以下伪代码:
bytesFormatted[0] = 129
indexStartRawData = -1 // it doesn't matter what value is
// set here - it will be set now:
if bytesRaw.length <= 125
bytesFormatted[1] = bytesRaw.length
indexStartRawData = 2
else if bytesRaw.length >= 126 and bytesRaw.length <= 65535
bytesFormatted[1] = 126
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length ) AND 255
indexStartRawData = 4
else
bytesFormatted[1] = 127
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 56 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 48 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[4] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 40 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[5] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 32 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[6] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 24 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[7] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 16 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[8] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[9] = ( bytesRaw.length ) AND 255
indexStartRawData = 10
// put raw data at the correct index
bytesFormatted.put(bytesRaw, indexStartRawData)
// now send bytesFormatted (e.g. write it to the socket stream)
(换句话说,浏览器→服务器)
您获得的帧采用以下格式:
第一个字节通常无关紧要-如果您只是发送文本,则仅使用文本类型。在这种情况下将是1000 0001
(或129
)。
第二个字节和其他两个或八个字节需要一些解析,因为您需要知道该长度使用了多少个字节(您需要知道实际数据从何处开始)。长度本身通常不是必需的,因为您已经有了数据。
第二个字节的第一位始终为1 1
,这意味着数据被屏蔽(=编码)。从客户端到服务器的消息始终被屏蔽。您需要执行以下操作删除第一部分secondByte AND 0111 1111
。在两种情况下,结果字节不代表长度,因为它不适合第二个字节:
0111 1110
,或者126
,是指以下两个字节用于长度0111 1111
,或者127
,是指以下八个字节用于长度四个掩码字节用于解码已发送的实际数据。解码算法如下:
decodedByte = encodedByte XOR masks[encodedByteIndex MOD 4]
其中,encodedByte
是数据中的原始字节,encodedByteIndex
是从具有index的实际数据的第一个字节开始计数的字节索引(偏移量)0
。masks
是包含四个掩码字节的数组。
这将导致以下用于解码的伪代码:
secondByte = bytes[1]
length = secondByte AND 127 // may not be the actual length in the two special cases
indexFirstMask = 2 // if not a special case
if length == 126 // if a special case, change indexFirstMask
indexFirstMask = 4
else if length == 127 // ditto
indexFirstMask = 10
masks = bytes.slice(indexFirstMask, 4) // four bytes starting from indexFirstMask
indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4 // four bytes further
decoded = new array
decoded.length = bytes.length - indexFirstDataByte // length of real data
for i = indexFirstDataByte, j = 0; i < bytes.length; i++, j++
decoded[j] = bytes[i] XOR masks[j MOD 4]
// now use "decoded" to interpret the received data
0001
,因为它在规范那部分的标头中指出:“操作码:4位”。第一个字节由FIN,RSV1-3和操作码组成。FIN为1
,RSV1-3均为三个0
,且操作码为第一个字节0001
加起来1000 0001
。另请参阅规范中的插图,该插图显示了字节如何在不同部分中拆分。
Java实现(如果需要)
阅读:客户端到服务器
int len = 0;
byte[] b = new byte[buffLenth];
//rawIn is a Socket.getInputStream();
while(true){
len = rawIn.read(b);
if(len!=-1){
byte rLength = 0;
int rMaskIndex = 2;
int rDataStart = 0;
//b[0] is always text in my case so no need to check;
byte data = b[1];
byte op = (byte) 127;
rLength = (byte) (data & op);
if(rLength==(byte)126) rMaskIndex=4;
if(rLength==(byte)127) rMaskIndex=10;
byte[] masks = new byte[4];
int j=0;
int i=0;
for(i=rMaskIndex;i<(rMaskIndex+4);i++){
masks[j] = b[i];
j++;
}
rDataStart = rMaskIndex + 4;
int messLen = len - rDataStart;
byte[] message = new byte[messLen];
for(i=rDataStart, j=0; i<len; i++, j++){
message[j] = (byte) (b[i] ^ masks[j % 4]);
}
parseMessage(new String(message));
//parseMessage(new String(b));
b = new byte[buffLenth];
}
}
写作:服务器到客户端
public void brodcast(String mess) throws IOException{
byte[] rawData = mess.getBytes();
int frameCount = 0;
byte[] frame = new byte[10];
frame[0] = (byte) 129;
if(rawData.length <= 125){
frame[1] = (byte) rawData.length;
frameCount = 2;
}else if(rawData.length >= 126 && rawData.length <= 65535){
frame[1] = (byte) 126;
int len = rawData.length;
frame[2] = (byte)((len >> 8 ) & (byte)255);
frame[3] = (byte)(len & (byte)255);
frameCount = 4;
}else{
frame[1] = (byte) 127;
int len = rawData.length;
frame[2] = (byte)((len >> 56 ) & (byte)255);
frame[3] = (byte)((len >> 48 ) & (byte)255);
frame[4] = (byte)((len >> 40 ) & (byte)255);
frame[5] = (byte)((len >> 32 ) & (byte)255);
frame[6] = (byte)((len >> 24 ) & (byte)255);
frame[7] = (byte)((len >> 16 ) & (byte)255);
frame[8] = (byte)((len >> 8 ) & (byte)255);
frame[9] = (byte)(len & (byte)255);
frameCount = 10;
}
int bLength = frameCount + rawData.length;
byte[] reply = new byte[bLength];
int bLim = 0;
for(int i=0; i<frameCount;i++){
reply[bLim] = frame[i];
bLim++;
}
for(int i=0; i<rawData.length;i++){
reply[bLim] = rawData[i];
bLim++;
}
out.write(reply);
out.flush();
}
JavaScript实现:
function encodeWebSocket(bytesRaw){
var bytesFormatted = new Array();
bytesFormatted[0] = 129;
if (bytesRaw.length <= 125) {
bytesFormatted[1] = bytesRaw.length;
} else if (bytesRaw.length >= 126 && bytesRaw.length <= 65535) {
bytesFormatted[1] = 126;
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length ) & 255;
} else {
bytesFormatted[1] = 127;
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 56 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 48 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[4] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 40 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[5] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 32 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[6] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 24 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[7] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 16 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[8] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[9] = ( bytesRaw.length ) & 255;
}
for (var i = 0; i < bytesRaw.length; i++){
bytesFormatted.push(bytesRaw.charCodeAt(i));
}
return bytesFormatted;
}
function decodeWebSocket (data){
var datalength = data[1] & 127;
var indexFirstMask = 2;
if (datalength == 126) {
indexFirstMask = 4;
} else if (datalength == 127) {
indexFirstMask = 10;
}
var masks = data.slice(indexFirstMask,indexFirstMask + 4);
var i = indexFirstMask + 4;
var index = 0;
var output = "";
while (i < data.length) {
output += String.fromCharCode(data[i++] ^ masks[index++ % 4]);
}
return output;
}
2^31 - 1
。
C#实施
浏览器->服务器
private String DecodeMessage(Byte[] bytes)
{
String incomingData = String.Empty;
Byte secondByte = bytes[1];
Int32 dataLength = secondByte & 127;
Int32 indexFirstMask = 2;
if (dataLength == 126)
indexFirstMask = 4;
else if (dataLength == 127)
indexFirstMask = 10;
IEnumerable<Byte> keys = bytes.Skip(indexFirstMask).Take(4);
Int32 indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4;
Byte[] decoded = new Byte[bytes.Length - indexFirstDataByte];
for (Int32 i = indexFirstDataByte, j = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++, j++)
{
decoded[j] = (Byte)(bytes[i] ^ keys.ElementAt(j % 4));
}
return incomingData = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decoded, 0, decoded.Length);
}
服务器->浏览器
private static Byte[] EncodeMessageToSend(String message)
{
Byte[] response;
Byte[] bytesRaw = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
Byte[] frame = new Byte[10];
Int32 indexStartRawData = -1;
Int32 length = bytesRaw.Length;
frame[0] = (Byte)129;
if (length <= 125)
{
frame[1] = (Byte)length;
indexStartRawData = 2;
}
else if (length >= 126 && length <= 65535)
{
frame[1] = (Byte)126;
frame[2] = (Byte)((length >> 8) & 255);
frame[3] = (Byte)(length & 255);
indexStartRawData = 4;
}
else
{
frame[1] = (Byte)127;
frame[2] = (Byte)((length >> 56) & 255);
frame[3] = (Byte)((length >> 48) & 255);
frame[4] = (Byte)((length >> 40) & 255);
frame[5] = (Byte)((length >> 32) & 255);
frame[6] = (Byte)((length >> 24) & 255);
frame[7] = (Byte)((length >> 16) & 255);
frame[8] = (Byte)((length >> 8) & 255);
frame[9] = (Byte)(length & 255);
indexStartRawData = 10;
}
response = new Byte[indexStartRawData + length];
Int32 i, reponseIdx = 0;
//Add the frame bytes to the reponse
for (i = 0; i < indexStartRawData; i++)
{
response[reponseIdx] = frame[i];
reponseIdx++;
}
//Add the data bytes to the response
for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
response[reponseIdx] = bytesRaw[i];
reponseIdx++;
}
return response;
}
test�c=ܝX[
“ test”是我的消息。另一部分是什么呢?
pimvdb的答案在python中实现:
def DecodedCharArrayFromByteStreamIn(stringStreamIn):
#turn string values into opererable numeric byte values
byteArray = [ord(character) for character in stringStreamIn]
datalength = byteArray[1] & 127
indexFirstMask = 2
if datalength == 126:
indexFirstMask = 4
elif datalength == 127:
indexFirstMask = 10
masks = [m for m in byteArray[indexFirstMask : indexFirstMask+4]]
indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4
decodedChars = []
i = indexFirstDataByte
j = 0
while i < len(byteArray):
decodedChars.append( chr(byteArray[i] ^ masks[j % 4]) )
i += 1
j += 1
return decodedChars
用法示例:
fromclient = '\x81\x8c\xff\xb8\xbd\xbd\xb7\xdd\xd1\xd1\x90\x98\xea\xd2\x8d\xd4\xd9\x9c'
# this looks like "?ŒOÇ¿¢gÓ ç\Ð=«ož" in unicode, received by server
print DecodedCharArrayFromByteStreamIn(fromclient)
# ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!']
除PHP帧编码功能外,还有解码功能:
function Decode($M){
$M = array_map("ord", str_split($M));
$L = $M[1] AND 127;
if ($L == 126)
$iFM = 4;
else if ($L == 127)
$iFM = 10;
else
$iFM = 2;
$Masks = array_slice($M, $iFM, 4);
$Out = "";
for ($i = $iFM + 4, $j = 0; $i < count($M); $i++, $j++ ) {
$Out .= chr($M[$i] ^ $Masks[$j % 4]);
}
return $Out;
}
我在一个易于使用的WebSocket PHP类来实现这一点,还有其他的功能在这里。
PHP实现:
function encode($message)
{
$length = strlen($message);
$bytesHeader = [];
$bytesHeader[0] = 129; // 0x1 text frame (FIN + opcode)
if ($length <= 125) {
$bytesHeader[1] = $length;
} else if ($length >= 126 && $length <= 65535) {
$bytesHeader[1] = 126;
$bytesHeader[2] = ( $length >> 8 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[3] = ( $length ) & 255;
} else {
$bytesHeader[1] = 127;
$bytesHeader[2] = ( $length >> 56 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[3] = ( $length >> 48 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[4] = ( $length >> 40 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[5] = ( $length >> 32 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[6] = ( $length >> 24 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[7] = ( $length >> 16 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[8] = ( $length >> 8 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[9] = ( $length ) & 255;
}
$str = implode(array_map("chr", $bytesHeader)) . $message;
return $str;
}
感谢您的回答,如果有兴趣的话,我想添加到hfern的(以上)Python版本中以包含Sending函数。
def DecodedWebsockRecieve(stringStreamIn):
byteArray = stringStreamIn
datalength = byteArray[1] & 127
indexFirstMask = 2
if datalength == 126:
indexFirstMask = 4
elif datalength == 127:
indexFirstMask = 10
masks = [m for m in byteArray[indexFirstMask : indexFirstMask+4]]
indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4
decodedChars = []
i = indexFirstDataByte
j = 0
while i < len(byteArray):
decodedChars.append( chr(byteArray[i] ^ masks[j % 4]) )
i += 1
j += 1
return ''.join(decodedChars)
def EncodeWebSockSend(socket,data):
bytesFormatted = []
bytesFormatted.append(129)
bytesRaw = data.encode()
bytesLength = len(bytesRaw)
if bytesLength <= 125 :
bytesFormatted.append(bytesLength)
elif bytesLength >= 126 and bytesLength <= 65535 :
bytesFormatted.append(126)
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 8 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( bytesLength & 255 )
else :
bytesFormatted.append( 127 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 56 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 48 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 40 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 32 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 24 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 16 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( ( bytesLength >> 8 ) & 255 )
bytesFormatted.append( bytesLength & 255 )
bytesFormatted = bytes(bytesFormatted)
bytesFormatted = bytesFormatted + bytesRaw
socket.send(bytesFormatted)
阅读用法:
bufSize = 1024
read = DecodedWebsockRecieve(socket.recv(bufSize))
写作用法:
EncodeWebSockSend(sock,"hellooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo")
在Go中实施
编码部分(服务器->浏览器)
func encode (message string) (result []byte) {
rawBytes := []byte(message)
var idxData int
length := byte(len(rawBytes))
if len(rawBytes) <= 125 { //one byte to store data length
result = make([]byte, len(rawBytes) + 2)
result[1] = length
idxData = 2
} else if len(rawBytes) >= 126 && len(rawBytes) <= 65535 { //two bytes to store data length
result = make([]byte, len(rawBytes) + 4)
result[1] = 126 //extra storage needed
result[2] = ( length >> 8 ) & 255
result[3] = ( length ) & 255
idxData = 4
} else {
result = make([]byte, len(rawBytes) + 10)
result[1] = 127
result[2] = ( length >> 56 ) & 255
result[3] = ( length >> 48 ) & 255
result[4] = ( length >> 40 ) & 255
result[5] = ( length >> 32 ) & 255
result[6] = ( length >> 24 ) & 255
result[7] = ( length >> 16 ) & 255
result[8] = ( length >> 8 ) & 255
result[9] = ( length ) & 255
idxData = 10
}
result[0] = 129 //only text is supported
// put raw data at the correct index
for i, b := range rawBytes {
result[idxData + i] = b
}
return
}
解码部分(浏览器->服务器)
func decode (rawBytes []byte) string {
var idxMask int
if rawBytes[1] == 126 {
idxMask = 4
} else if rawBytes[1] == 127 {
idxMask = 10
} else {
idxMask = 2
}
masks := rawBytes[idxMask:idxMask + 4]
data := rawBytes[idxMask + 4:len(rawBytes)]
decoded := make([]byte, len(rawBytes) - idxMask + 4)
for i, b := range data {
decoded[i] = b ^ masks[i % 4]
}
return string(decoded)
}
Clojure,解码功能假定帧以的映射形式发送{:data byte-array-buffer :size int-size-of-buffer}
,因为实际大小可能与字节数组的大小不同,具体取决于输入流的块大小。
代码发布在这里:https : //gist.github.com/viperscape/8918565
(defn ws-decode [frame]
"decodes websocket frame"
(let [data (:data frame)
dlen (bit-and (second data) 127)
mstart (if (== dlen 127) 10 (if (== dlen 126) 4 2))
mask (drop 2 (take (+ mstart 4) data))
msg (make-array Byte/TYPE (- (:size frame) (+ mstart 4)))]
(loop [i (+ mstart 4), j 0]
(aset-byte msg j (byte (bit-xor (nth data i) (nth mask (mod j 4)))))
(if (< i (dec(:size frame))) (recur (inc i) (inc j))))
msg))
(defn ws-encode [data]
"takes in bytes, return websocket frame"
(let [len (count data)
blen (if (> len 65535) 10 (if (> len 125) 4 2))
buf (make-array Byte/TYPE (+ len blen))
_ (aset-byte buf 0 -127) ;;(bit-or (unchecked-byte 0x80)
(unchecked-byte 0x1)
_ (if (= 2 blen)
(aset-byte buf 1 len) ;;mask 0, len
(do
(dorun(map #(aset-byte buf %1
(unchecked-byte (bit-and (bit-shift-right len (*(- %2 2) 8))
255)))
(range 2 blen) (into ()(range 2 blen))))
(aset-byte buf 1 (if (> blen 4) 127 126))))
_ (System/arraycopy data 0 buf blen len)]
buf))
1000 0001
(129)为文本框架?规范说:%x1 denotes a text frame
。所以应该是0000 0001
(0x01
),还是?