通过HTTPS / SSL的Java客户端证书

我正在使用Java 6，并尝试HttpsURLConnection使用客户端证书针对远程服务器创建一个。
服务器正在使用自签名的根证书，并且要求提供受密码保护的客户端证书。我已将服务器根证书和客户端证书添加到在/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/1.6.0/Home/lib/security/cacerts（OSX 10.5）中找到的默认Java密钥库中。密钥库文件的名称似乎表明不应将客户端证书放入其中？

无论如何，将根证书添加到此存储解决了臭名昭著的问题 javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: sun.security.validator.ValidatorException: PKIX path building failed' problem.

但是，我现在停留在如何使用客户端证书上。我尝试了两种方法，但都无济于事。
首先，最好尝试：

SSLSocketFactory sslsocketfactory = (SSLSocketFactory) SSLSocketFactory.getDefault();
URL url = new URL("https://somehost.dk:3049");
HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setSSLSocketFactory(sslsocketfactory);
InputStream inputstream = conn.getInputStream();
// The last line fails, and gives:
// javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: Received fatal alert: handshake_failure

我尝试跳过HttpsURLConnection类（因为我想与服务器进行HTTP通信，因此不理想），而是这样做：

SSLSocketFactory sslsocketfactory = (SSLSocketFactory) SSLSocketFactory.getDefault();
SSLSocket sslsocket = (SSLSocket) sslsocketfactory.createSocket("somehost.dk", 3049);
InputStream inputstream = sslsocket.getInputStream();
// do anything with the inputstream results in:
// java.net.SocketTimeoutException: Read timed out

我什至不确定客户端证书是否是这里的问题。

终于解决了;）。在这里得到了一个强有力的暗示（甘道夫的答案也触及了一点）。丢失的链接（大部分）是下面的第一个参数，在某种程度上，我忽略了密钥库和信任库之间的区别。

必须将自签名服务器证书导入信任库中：

keytool-导入-alias gridserver-文件gridserver.crt -storepass $ PASS -keystore gridserver.keystore

这些属性需要设置（在命令行或代码中）：

-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStoreType=pkcs12
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStoreType=jks
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=clientcertificate.p12
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=gridserver.keystore
-Djavax.net.debug=ssl # very verbose debug
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=$PASS
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=$PASS

工作示例代码：

SSLSocketFactory sslsocketfactory = (SSLSocketFactory) SSLSocketFactory.getDefault();
URL url = new URL("https://gridserver:3049/cgi-bin/ls.py");
HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
conn.setSSLSocketFactory(sslsocketfactory);
InputStream inputstream = conn.getInputStream();
InputStreamReader inputstreamreader = new InputStreamReader(inputstream);
BufferedReader bufferedreader = new BufferedReader(inputstreamreader);

String string = null;
while ((string = bufferedreader.readLine()) != null) {
    System.out.println("Received " + string);
}

虽然不建议这样做，但您也可以完全禁用SSL证书验证：

import javax.net.ssl.*;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;

public class SSLTool {

  public static void disableCertificateValidation() {
    // Create a trust manager that does not validate certificate chains
    TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[] { 
      new X509TrustManager() {
        public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { 
          return new X509Certificate[0]; 
        }
        public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {}
        public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {}
    }};

    // Ignore differences between given hostname and certificate hostname
    HostnameVerifier hv = new HostnameVerifier() {
      public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) { return true; }
    };

    // Install the all-trusting trust manager
    try {
      SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL");
      sc.init(null, trustAllCerts, new SecureRandom());
      HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory());
      HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(hv);
    } catch (Exception e) {}
  }
}

您是否设置了KeyStore和/或TrustStore系统属性？

java -Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=pathToKeystore -Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=123456

或来自代码

System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore", pathToKeyStore);

与javax.net.ssl.trustStore相同

如果要使用Axis框架处理Web服务调用，则有一个简单得多的答案。如果只希望您的客户端能够调用SSL Web服务并忽略SSL证书错误，只需在调用任何Web服务之前放置以下语句即可：

System.setProperty("axis.socketSecureFactory", "org.apache.axis.components.net.SunFakeTrustSocketFactory");

通常认为这是在生产环境中要做的非常不好的事情。

我在Axis Wiki上找到了这个。

对我来说，这是使用Apache HttpComponents〜HttpClient 4.x的方法：

    KeyStore keyStore  = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
    FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File("client-p12-keystore.p12"));
    try {
        keyStore.load(instream, "helloworld".toCharArray());
    } finally {
        instream.close();
    }

    // Trust own CA and all self-signed certs
    SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts.custom()
        .loadKeyMaterial(keyStore, "helloworld".toCharArray())
        //.loadTrustMaterial(trustStore, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()) //custom trust store
        .build();
    // Allow TLSv1 protocol only
    SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(
        sslcontext,
        new String[] { "TLSv1" },
        null,
        SSLConnectionSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER); //TODO
    CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.custom()
        .setHostnameVerifier(SSLConnectionSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER) //TODO
        .setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf)
        .build();
    try {

        HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("https://localhost:8443/secure/index");

        System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine());

        CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
        try {
            HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

            System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
            System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
            if (entity != null) {
                System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
            }
            EntityUtils.consume(entity);
        } finally {
            response.close();
        }
    } finally {
        httpclient.close();
    }

P12文件包含使用BouncyCastle创建的客户端证书和客户端私钥：

public static byte[] convertPEMToPKCS12(final String keyFile, final String cerFile,
    final String password)
    throws IOException, CertificateException, KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
    NoSuchProviderException
{
    // Get the private key
    FileReader reader = new FileReader(keyFile);

    PEMParser pem = new PEMParser(reader);
    PEMKeyPair pemKeyPair = ((PEMKeyPair)pem.readObject());
    JcaPEMKeyConverter jcaPEMKeyConverter = new JcaPEMKeyConverter().setProvider("BC");
    KeyPair keyPair = jcaPEMKeyConverter.getKeyPair(pemKeyPair);

    PrivateKey key = keyPair.getPrivate();

    pem.close();
    reader.close();

    // Get the certificate
    reader = new FileReader(cerFile);
    pem = new PEMParser(reader);

    X509CertificateHolder certHolder = (X509CertificateHolder) pem.readObject();
    java.security.cert.Certificate x509Certificate =
        new JcaX509CertificateConverter().setProvider("BC")
            .getCertificate(certHolder);

    pem.close();
    reader.close();

    // Put them into a PKCS12 keystore and write it to a byte[]
    ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
    KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12", "BC");
    ks.load(null);
    ks.setKeyEntry("key-alias", (Key) key, password.toCharArray(),
        new java.security.cert.Certificate[]{x509Certificate});
    ks.store(bos, password.toCharArray());
    bos.close();
    return bos.toByteArray();
}

我使用Apache commons HTTP Client软件包在当前项目中执行此操作，它与SSL和自签名证书（在将其安装到您提到的cacerts中之后）配合使用时效果很好。请在这里看一下：

http://hc.apache.org/httpclient-3.x/tutorial.html

http://hc.apache.org/httpclient-3.x/sslguide.html

我认为您的服务器证书有问题，不是有效的证书（在这种情况下，这就是“ handshake_failure”的含义）：

将服务器证书导入到客户端JRE上的trustcacerts密钥库中。这可以通过keytool轻松完成：

keytool
    -import
    -alias <provide_an_alias>
    -file <certificate_file>
    -keystore <your_path_to_jre>/lib/security/cacerts

使用下面的代码

-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStoreType=pkcs12

要么

System.setProperty("javax.net.ssl.keyStore", pathToKeyStore);

完全不需要。同样，也无需创建自己的自定义SSL工厂。

我还遇到了相同的问题，就我而言，存在一个问题，即完整的证书链没有导入到信任库中。使用keytool实用程序从根证书导入证书，也可以在记事本中打开cacerts文件，查看是否导入了完整的证书链。检查导入证书时提供的别名，打开证书并查看包含的别名，cacerts文件中应包含相同数量的证书。

另外，还应在运行应用程序的服务器中配置cacerts文件，这两个服务器将使用公钥/私钥对彼此进行身份验证。