Normal-Wishart后验的推导

我正在研究Normal-Wishart后验的推导，但是我陷入了其中一个参数（比例矩阵的后验，见底部）的问题。

仅出于上下文和完整性考虑，以下是模型和其他派生工具：

$$\begin{align} x_i &\sim \mathcal{N}(\boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{\Lambda})\\ \boldsymbol{\mu} &\sim \mathcal{N}(\boldsymbol{\mu_0}, (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda})^{-1})\\ \boldsymbol{\Lambda} &\sim \mathcal{W}(\upsilon_0, \mathbf{W}_0) \end{align}$$

这三个因子中每个因子的展开形式为（最大比例常数）为：

• 可能性：

  $$\begin{align} \mathcal{N}(\mathbf{x}_i &| \boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) \propto\notag\\ &|\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{N/2} \exp{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^N \left( \mathbf{x}_i^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{x}_i - 2 \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{x}_i + \boldsymbol{\mu}^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu}\right) \right)} \end{align}$$

• 普通优先级：

  $$\begin{align} \mathcal{N}(\boldsymbol{\mu} &| (\boldsymbol{\mu}_0, \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda})^{-1}) \propto\notag\\ &|\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{1/2} \exp{\left(-\frac{1}{2}\left( \boldsymbol{\mu}^T\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu} - 2 \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu_0} + \boldsymbol{\mu_0}^T \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu_0}\right) \right)} \end{align}$$

• Wishart之前：

  $$\begin{align} \mathcal{W}(\boldsymbol{\Lambda} | \upsilon_0, \mathbf{W}_0) \propto |\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{\frac{\upsilon_0-D-1}{2}} \exp{\left(-\frac{1}{2} tr(\mathbf{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda})\right)} \end{align}$$

我们希望可以将后验Normal-Wishart（分解为以及：Ñ$\mathbf{\mu}, \boldsymbol{\Lambda} | \boldsymbol{\mu}', \kappa', \upsilon', \mathbf{W}'$$\mathcal{N}(\boldsymbol{\mu} | \boldsymbol{\mu}, \kappa' \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) \mathcal{W}(\boldsymbol{\Lambda} | \upsilon', \mathbf{W}')$

自由之路$\upsilon'$

通过合并似然性和Wishart的第一个因素，我们得到后验的Wishart因素的第一个因素： ，因此我们具有后验的第一个参数：

$$\begin{align} |\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{\frac{\upsilon_0+N-D-1}{2}} \end{align}$$ $$\begin{align} \upsilon' = \upsilon_0 +N \end{align}$$

比例因子$\kappa'$

我们确定和包围的元素，以发现谁先更新了的可能性是： ，因此我们得到了第二个参数： μ κ 0 Λ μ Ť （（κ 0$\boldsymbol{\mu}^T$$\boldsymbol{\mu}$$\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}$

$$\begin{align} \boldsymbol{\mu}^T\left((\kappa_0 + N) \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\right)\boldsymbol{\mu} \end{align}$$ $$\begin{align} \kappa' = \kappa_0 + N \end{align}$$

均值$\boldsymbol{\mu}'$

第三个参数来自识别： ，因此我们得到了第三个参数： 2 $2\boldsymbol{\mu}^T...$μ ' =

$$\begin{align} 2\boldsymbol{\mu}^T\left(\boldsymbol{\Lambda} N \mathbf{\overline{x} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu}_0}\right) &= 2\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \kappa'\boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}'\\ \left(\boldsymbol{\Lambda} N \mathbf{\overline{x} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu}_0}\right) &= \kappa'\boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}'\\ \left(N \mathbf{\overline{x} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0}\right) &= \kappa' \boldsymbol{\mu}' \end{align}$$ $$\begin{align} \boldsymbol{\mu}' = \frac{1}{k'}(N\mathbf{\overline{x}} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0) \end{align}$$

比例矩阵$\boldsymbol{W}'$

第四个参数来自对其余参数的处理：

$$\begin{align} tr(\mathbf{W}'^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) &= tr(\mathbf{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) + \sum_{i=1}^{N}\mathbf{x}_i^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{x}_i + \boldsymbol{\mu_0}^T \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu_0}\\ &= tr(\mathbf{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) + \sum_{i=1}^{N}tr(\mathbf{x}_i^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{x}_i) + tr(\boldsymbol{\mu_0}^T \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu_0})\\ &= tr\bigg(\mathbf{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} + \sum_{i=1}^{N}\mathbf{x}_i^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{x}_i + \boldsymbol{\mu_0}^T \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu_0}\bigg) \end{align}$$

如何从这里继续（如果到目前为止我没有犯错误）并获得的标准解决方案？$\mathbf{W}'$

编辑1：

现在我们重新排列这些术语，添加和减去一些因子，以便像标准解决方案中那样获得两个平方：

$$\begin{align} tr(\mathbf{W}'^{-1}\boldsymbol{\Lambda}) =\;& tr\bigg(\mathbf{W}^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\\ &+ \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \mathbf{x}_i + \overline{\mathbf{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \overline{\mathbf{x}} -2 \mathbf{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \mathbf{\overline{x}})\\ &+\kappa_0 (\boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + \boldsymbol{\overline{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - 2\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0) \notag\\% Substract added factors &-\sum_{i=1}^{N}\overline{\mathbf{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \overline{\mathbf{x}} +2\sum_{i=1}^{N}\mathbf{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \mathbf{\overline{x}} - \kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\overline{x}} + 2\kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu}_0\bigg)\\ =\;& tr\bigg( \mathbf{W}^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}+ \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})\boldsymbol{\Lambda}(\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})^T + \kappa_0(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)\boldsymbol{\Lambda}(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)^T \notag\\% Substract added factors &-N\overline{\mathbf{x}} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \overline{\mathbf{x}}^T +2N\mathbf{\overline{x}} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}\mathbf{\overline{x}}^T - \kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}^T + 2\kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}\boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \bigg) \end{align}$$

我们简化了平方以外的因素：

$$\begin{align} tr(\mathbf{W}'^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) =\;& tr( \mathbf{W}^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}+ \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}(\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}}) + \kappa_0(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0) \notag\\% Substract added factors & +(N - \kappa_0)\mathbf{\overline{x}}^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda} \mathbf{\overline{x}} + 2\kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda}\boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \bigg) \end{align}$$

编辑2（感谢@bdeonovic的回答）

迹线是循环的，因此。然后： ，然后： t r （$tr(ABC) = tr(BCA) = tr(CAB)$吨- [R

$$\begin{align} tr(\mathbf{W}'^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}) =\;& tr\bigg( \mathbf{W}^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda}+ \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})(\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda} + \kappa_0(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda} \notag\\% Substract added factors & +(N - \kappa_0)\mathbf{\overline{x}} \mathbf{\overline{x}}^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda} + 2\kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}\boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \bigg) \end{align}$$ $$\begin{align} tr(\mathbf{W}'^{-1}) =\;& tr\bigg( \mathbf{W}^{-1}+ \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})(\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})^T + \kappa_0(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)^T \notag\\% Substract added factors & +(N - \kappa_0)\mathbf{\overline{x}} \mathbf{\overline{x}}^T + 2\kappa_0\boldsymbol{\overline{x}}\boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \bigg) \end{align}$$

几乎！但是仍然不存在。目标是：

$$\begin{align} \mathbf{W}^{-1} + \sum_{i=1}^N (\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})(\mathbf{x}_i - \overline{\mathbf{x}})^T + \frac{\kappa_0 N}{\kappa_0 + N}(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)(\boldsymbol{\overline{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0)^T \end{align}$$

迹线是循环的，因此。而且，迹线分布在加法上，因此。有了这些事实，您应该能够将项在跟踪项中循环到后面，并将跟踪项组合在一起。结果应类似于$tr(ABC) = tr(BCA) = tr(CAB)$$tr(A+B) = tr(A) + tr(B)$$\Lambda$

$$W'^{-1} = W^{-1} + \sum_{i=1}^N x_i x_i^\intercal + \mu_0\mu_0^\intercal$$

先前的可能性是 $\times$

$$|\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{N/2} \exp\left\{-\frac{1}{2}\left(\sum_{i=1}^N \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i - N\boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} - \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} N\boldsymbol{\bar{x}} + N\boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} \right) \right\} \\ \times |\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{(\nu_0 - D - 1)/2} \exp\left\{-\frac{1}{2} tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) \right\} \\ \times |\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{1/2} \exp \left\{ -\frac{\kappa_0}{2} \left( \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} - \boldsymbol{\mu}^T\boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} + \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) \right\}.$$ 可以将其重写为 我们可以重写 $$|\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{1/2} |\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{(\nu_0 + N - D - 1)/2} \\ \times \exp \left\{ -\frac{1}{2} \left( \left(\kappa_0 + N\right) \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} - \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) - (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} \\ + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + \sum_{i=1}^N \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i + tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) \right) \right\}$$ $$(\kappa_0 + N) \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} - \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) - (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} \\ + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + \sum_{i=1}^N \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i + tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right)$$ 如下所示： $$(\kappa_0 + N) \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} - \boldsymbol{\mu}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) - (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu} \\ + \frac{1}{\kappa_0 + N}(\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) \\ - \frac{1}{\kappa_0 + N}(\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) \\ + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + \sum_{i=1}^N \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i + tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right).$$ 现在最上面的两行分解为 $$(\kappa_0 + N) \left( \boldsymbol{\mu} - \frac{\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu} + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}}{\kappa_0 + N} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{\mu} - \frac{\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu} + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}}{\kappa_0 + N} \right).$$

加减，以下内容： 可以重写为 $N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}$

$$- \frac{1}{\kappa_0 + N}(\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + \sum_{i=1}^N \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i + tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right)$$ $$\sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i + \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 - \frac{1}{\kappa_0 + N}(\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}) + tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right).$$ 和项 $$\sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{x}_i^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{x}_i + \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)$$ 等于 现在 可以扩展为 $$\sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right).$$ $$N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 - \frac{1}{\kappa_0 + N}(\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} (\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}})$$ $$N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} + \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 - \frac{1}{\kappa_0 + N}(\kappa_0^2 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}_0 + N \kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 + N^2 \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}),$$ 等于 $$\frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N} \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} + \boldsymbol{\mu}_0^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) = \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right).$$

以下两项是标量： 而且任何标量都等于其轨迹，因此

$$\sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right), \thinspace \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right).$$ $$tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) + \sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) + \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)$$ 可以重写为 由于，上述总和等于 $$tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) + tr \left( \sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) \right) + tr \left( \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) \right).$$ $tr(\boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{B} \boldsymbol{C}) = tr(\boldsymbol{C} \boldsymbol{A} \boldsymbol{B})$ $$tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) + tr \left( \sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) + tr \left( \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right).$$ 利用的事实，我们可以将总和重写为 $tr(\boldsymbol{A} + \boldsymbol{B}) = tr(\boldsymbol{A}) + tr(\boldsymbol{B})$ $$tr \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} + \sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} + \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) = tr \left( \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} + \sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T + \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \right) \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right).$$

如果将我们认为 Prior等于 $\boldsymbol{S} = \sum_{i=1}^N \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right) \left( \boldsymbol{x}_i - \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} \right)^T$$\times$

$$|\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{1/2} \exp \left\{-\frac{\kappa_0 + N}{2} \left( \boldsymbol{\mu} - \frac{\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu} + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}}{\kappa_0 + N} \right)^T \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \left( \boldsymbol{\mu} - \frac{\kappa_0 \boldsymbol{\mu} + N \boldsymbol{\bar{x}}}{\kappa_0 + N} \right) \right\} \\ \times |\boldsymbol{\Lambda}|^{(\nu_0 + N - D - 1)/2} \exp \left\{ - \frac{1}{2} tr \left( \left( \boldsymbol{W}_0^{-1} + \boldsymbol{S} + \frac{N\kappa_0}{\kappa_0 + N}\left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right) \left( \boldsymbol{\bar{x}} - \boldsymbol{\mu}_0 \right)^T \right) \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \right) \right\},$$ 。