平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)的缺点是什么?


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的平均绝对误差百分比()是一种常见的准确度或误差测量的时间序列或其它预测,

MAPE=100n∑t=1n|At−Ft|At%,

其中At是实际值,而FŤ相应的预测或预测。

MAPE是百分比,因此我们可以轻松地在系列之间进行比较,并且人们可以轻松理解和解释百分比。

但是,我听说MAPE有缺点。我想更好地了解这些缺点,因此我可以就是否使用MAPE或MSE(),MAE()或MASE()之类的替代方案做出明智的决定。

Answers:


45

MAPE的缺点

  • 对于百分比而言,MAPE仅适用于除法和比率有意义的值。例如,计算温度百分比没有任何意义,因此您不应该使用MAPE来计算温度预测的准确性。

  • 如果只有一个实数为零,即At=0,则在计算MAPE(未定义)时,将您除以零。

    事实证明,尽管如此,一些预测软件仍然通过以零实际值舍弃周期来报告该系列的MAPE(Hoover,2006)。不用说,这不是一个好主意,因为这意味着我们根本不关心如果实际为零时我们所预测的结果,但是Ft=100且Ft=1000的预测可能非常有用。不同的含义。因此,请检查软件的功能。

    如果只有几个零出现,则可以使用加权的MAPE(Kolassa&Schütz,2007年),但它有其自身的问题。这也适用于对称MAPE(Goodwin&Lawton,1999)。

  • 大于100%的MAPE可能会发生。如果您更喜欢精确地工作,有些人将其定义为100%-MAPE,那么这可能会导致负面的准确性,人们可能会很难理解。(不,将精度截断为零不是一个好主意。)

  • 如果我们有严格的正数据我们希望进行预测(并且高于该值,那么MAPE则没有其他意义),那么我们就永远不会预测低于零。不幸的是,MAPE对过高预测的处理与未过高预测的处理不同:低过预测的贡献永远不会超过100%(例如,如果Ft=0和At=1),但是过高预测的贡献是不受限制的(例如,如果Ft=5并且At=1)。这意味着有偏的预测的MAPE可能比无偏的预测低。将其最小化可能导致预测偏低。

特别是最后一个要点值得更多思考。为此,我们需要退后一步。

首先,请注意,我们对未来的结果并不完全了解,也永远不会。因此,未来结果遵循概率分布。我们所谓的点预测 Ft是我们尝试使用单个数字来总结我们在时间t处对未来分布(即预测分布)的了解。然后,MAPE是在时间t = 1 ,… ,n时对此类将来分布的单数摘要的整个序列的质量度量。tt=1,…,n

这里的问题是,人们很少明确地指出未来分布的一个好数字摘要。

FtFt

这就是问题所在:最小化MAPE通常不会激励我们输出这一期望,而是一个完全不同的单数摘要(McKenzie,2011;Kolassa,2020)。发生这种情况有两个不同的原因。

  • (μ=1,σ2=1)

    对数正态

    水平线给出了最佳点预测,其中“最佳性”定义为最小化各种误差度量的预期误差。

    We see that the asymmetry of the future distribution, together with the fact that the MAPE differentially penalizes over- and underforecasts, implies that minimizing the MAPE will lead to heavily biased forecasts. (Here is the calculation of optimal point forecasts in the gamma case.)

  • Symmetric distribution with a high coefficient of variation. Suppose that At comes from rolling a standard six-sided die at each time point t. The picture below again shows a simulated sample path:

    die roll

    In this case:

    • The dashed line at Ft=3.5 minimizes the expected MSE. It is the expectation of the time series.

    • Any forecast 3≤Ft≤4 (not shown in the graph) will minimize the expected MAE. All values in this interval are medians of the time series.

    • The dash-dotted line at Ft=2 minimizes the expected MAPE.

    We again see how minimizing the MAPE can lead to a biased forecast, because of the differential penalty it applies to over- and underforecasts. In this case, the problem does not come from an asymmetric distribution, but from the high coefficient of variation of our data-generating process.

    This is actually a simple illustration you can use to teach people about the shortcomings of the MAPE - just hand your attendees a few dice and have them roll. See Kolassa & Martin (2011) for more information.

Related CrossValidated questions

R code

Lognormal example:

mm <- 1
ss.sq <- 1
SAPMediumGray <- "#999999"; SAPGold <- "#F0AB00"

set.seed(2013)
actuals <- rlnorm(100,meanlog=mm,sdlog=sqrt(ss.sq))

opar <- par(mar=c(3,2,0,0)+.1)
    plot(actuals,type="o",pch=21,cex=0.8,bg="black",xlab="",ylab="",xlim=c(0,150))
    abline(v=101,col=SAPMediumGray)

    xx <- seq(0,max(actuals),by=.1)
    polygon(c(101+150*dlnorm(xx,meanlog=mm,sdlog=sqrt(ss.sq)),
      rep(101,length(xx))),c(xx,rev(xx)),col="lightgray",border=NA)

    (min.Ese <- exp(mm+ss.sq/2))
    lines(c(101,150),rep(min.Ese,2),col=SAPGold,lwd=3,lty=2)

    (min.Eae <- exp(mm))
    lines(c(101,150),rep(min.Eae,2),col=SAPGold,lwd=3,lty=3)

    (min.Eape <- exp(mm-ss.sq))
    lines(c(101,150),rep(min.Eape,2),col=SAPGold,lwd=3,lty=4)
par(opar)

Dice rolling example:

SAPMediumGray <- "#999999"; SAPGold <- "#F0AB00"

set.seed(2013)
actuals <- sample(x=1:6,size=100,replace=TRUE)

opar <- par(mar=c(3,2,0,0)+.1)
    plot(actuals,type="o",pch=21,cex=0.8,bg="black",xlab="",ylab="",xlim=c(0,150))
    abline(v=101,col=SAPMediumGray)

    min.Ese <- 3.5
    lines(c(101,150),rep(min.Ese,2),col=SAPGold,lwd=3,lty=2)

    min.Eape <- 2
    lines(c(101,150),rep(min.Eape,2),col=SAPGold,lwd=3,lty=4)
par(opar)

References

Gneiting, T. Making and Evaluating Point Forecasts. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 2011, 106, 746-762

Goodwin, P. & Lawton, R. On the asymmetry of the symmetric MAPE. International Journal of Forecasting, 1999, 15, 405-408

Hoover, J. Measuring Forecast Accuracy: Omissions in Today's Forecasting Engines and Demand-Planning Software. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, 2006, 4, 32-35

Kolassa, S. Why the "best" point forecast depends on the error or accuracy measure (Invited commentary on the M4 forecasting competition). International Journal of Forecasting, 2020, 36(1), 208-211

Kolassa, S. & Martin, R. Percentage Errors Can Ruin Your Day (and Rolling the Dice Shows How). Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, 2011, 23, 21-29

Kolassa, S. & Schütz, W. Advantages of the MAD/Mean ratio over the MAPE. Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting, 2007, 6, 40-43

McKenzie, J. Mean absolute percentage error and bias in economic forecasting. Economics Letters, 2011, 113, 259-262


4
Excellent Q&A. I would add that all of these metrics have two big underlying assumptions -- the series is iid and stationary. If one or both of these assumptions are not met, which happens frequently in practice, then their validity is questionable.
— Mike Hunter

I agree with most of this, however, wouldn't it be legitimate to deal with ratios of temperatures so long as they are on their proper scale (i.e., the Kelvin scale)?
— Reinstate Monica

2
@Ben: in that case, we won't divide by zero. However, the asymmetry is still a slight problem. If your forecast is 293K and the actual is 288K, you have an APE of 1.74%, and if the forecast is 288K while the actual is 293K, the APE is 1.71%, so the second forecast looks better, though both are off by 5K. (Translate into C or F as needed.) Essentially, the same absolute errors are penalized more strongly for lower actuals. Plus, interpretation of percentage errors for temperatures is not easy.
— S. Kolassa - Reinstate Monica

1
@Ben Percentages of absolute temperature are legitimate, but differences of temperature are easier to understand - at least, when we deal with temperatures in the everyday range; when forecasting star core temperature it may be the other way.
— Pere
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