查找（并重新安装）带有损坏文件的软件包（不破坏任何内容）

我通常更喜欢修复Linux系统，而不是从头开始重新安装。我的计算机经历了许多发行版升级以及PPA或第三方存储库的列表。APT通常会确保一切最终都能正常进行。但是，程序包管理器认为所有必需的程序包均已“安装”这一事实并不能保证文件系统中存在所有文件。

如果您必须解决的依赖性问题，则可能会发生这种情况dpkg --force-*。也可以通过从/usr根用户删除文件来重现这种情况。

有没有一种简单的方法来验证是否存在属于已安装软件包的所有文件？

如果找到了这样的问题包，请aptitude reinstall解决该问题。

从debsums手册页：

apt-get install --reinstall $(dpkg -S $(debsums -c) | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u)
       Reinstalls packages with changed files.

我只是在系统上运行此程序，因为在尝试使用Beta OS时，磁盘内容随机损坏。这是我所做的（似乎效果很好）：

首先，我安装了“ debsums”并运行它来查看我的系统上是否有损坏的文件：

$ sudo apt-get install debsums
$ sudo debsums_init
$ sudo debsums -cs
/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/ssh
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/actions/cheese-take-photo.svg
/usr/share/gnome/help/gnumeric/C/files-textopen.xml
/usr/share/dbus-1/services/indicator-sound.service
/lib/modules/3.11.0-12-generic/kernel/drivers/mtd/ubi/ubi.ko

如您所见，我有五个损坏的文件，因此需要重新安装它们。这就是我发现哪些软件包包含损坏的文件的方式：

$ sudo debsums -c | xargs -rd '\n' -- dpkg -S | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u
bash-completion
cheese-common
gnumeric-doc
indicator-sound
linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic

然后，我通过重新安装损坏的软件包来修复损坏：

$ xargs -rd '\n' -a <(sudo debsums -c | xargs -rd '\n' -- dpkg -S | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u) -- sudo apt-get install -f --reinstall --
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
  linux-image-generic
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove it.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 5 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 43.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main bash-completion all 1:2.0-1ubuntu3 [173 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main cheese-common all 3.8.3-0ubuntu1 [2,929 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/universe gnumeric-doc all 1.12.6-1 [7,295 kB]     
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic i386 3.11.0-12.19 [33.5 MB]
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ saucy/main indicator-sound i386 12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1 [55.7 kB]
Fetched 43.9 MB in 10min 23s (70.4 kB/s)                                                           
(Reading database ... 174913 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to replace bash-completion 1:2.0-1ubuntu3 (using .../bash-completion_1%3a2.0-1ubuntu3_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement bash-completion ...
Preparing to replace cheese-common 3.8.3-0ubuntu1 (using .../cheese-common_3.8.3-0ubuntu1_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement cheese-common ...
Preparing to replace gnumeric-doc 1.12.6-1 (using .../gnumeric-doc_1.12.6-1_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement gnumeric-doc ...
Preparing to replace linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic 3.11.0-12.19 (using .../linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic_3.11.0-12.19_i386.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic ...
Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d .
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Preparing to replace indicator-sound 12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1 (using .../indicator-sound_12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement indicator-sound ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:i386 ...
No such key 'auto-launch' in schema 'com.ubuntu.update-notifier' as specified in override file '/usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/20_xubuntu-default-settings.gschema.override'; ignoring override for this key.
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...
Setting up bash-completion (1:2.0-1ubuntu3) ...
Setting up cheese-common (3.8.3-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up gnumeric-doc (1.12.6-1) ...
Setting up linux-image-extra-3.11.0-12-generic (3.11.0-12.19) ...
Running depmod.
update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later)
Not updating initrd symbolic links since we are being updated/reinstalled 
(3.11.0-12.19 was configured last, according to dpkg)
Not updating image symbolic links since we are being updated/reinstalled 
(3.11.0-12.19 was configured last, according to dpkg)
Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/pm-utils 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/update-notifier 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub 3.11.0-12-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Generating grub.cfg ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-14-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.11.0-14-generic
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.11.0-12-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.11.0-12-generic
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin
Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sda1
done
Setting up indicator-sound (12.10.2+13.10.20131011-0ubuntu1) ...

最后，我检查以确保没有损坏的文件剩余：

$ sudo debsums -c

该命令没有输出，这意味着未发现任何错误。:-)

最后一点：您还应该检查软件包的配置文件，以确保它们没有问题。这可能会更加困难，因为配置文件经常更改，并且更改是合法的，因此您需要手动检查每个更改的配置文件，以确定其是否实际损坏。这是获取更改的配置文件列表的方式：

$ sudo debsums -as
debsums: changed file /etc/gnome/defaults.list (from desktop-file-utils package)
debsums: changed file /etc/default/rcS (from initscripts package)
debsums: changed file /etc/subuid (from login package)
debsums: changed file /etc/subgid (from login package)
debsums: changed file /etc/sudoers (from sudo package)

PeniWize提供的脚本非常适合损坏的文件，但不能处理丢失文件的软件包，因为debsums将它们报告给stderr。要重新安装缺少文件的软件包，这对我有用：

xargs -rd '\n' -a <(sudo debsums -c 2>&1 | cut -d " " -f 4 | sort -u | xargs -rd '\n' -- dpkg -S | cut -d : -f 1 | sort -u) -- sudo apt-get install -f --reinstall --

该问题已在其他地方回答：

有Ubuntu健全性检查吗？：软件包debsum可以计算MD5哈希值，并与deb软件包进行比较。

是否有通过包管理器重新安装的安全方法：是，但不建议这样做。

结合使用dpkg程序和一些Bash脚本应该可以做到这一点。唯一需要注意的是，如果有人用“恶意”文件替换了“干净”文件版本。为此，您需要从原始软件包中获取有效的MD5校验和。无论如何，这是实现您想要的shell代码：

#!/bin/sh
PACKAGE_NAME="xterm"
for i in `sudo dpkg -L ${PACKAGE_NAME}`
do
    if ! [ -e $i ]; then
            echo "$i is a missing file in the $PACKAGE_NAME package."
    fi
done

仅当缺少包中定义的文件或目录时，脚本才会打印出来。另外，您需要用要检查的软件包替换“ PACKAGE_NAME”变量。希望这可以帮助。