如何从终端设置自定义键盘快捷键？

如何从终端为不同的Linux版本设置自定义键盘快捷键？

基本上，我想知道Linux在哪里存储键盘快捷方式文件以及如何对其进行编辑。

在我的研究中，我找到了一个文件，~/.config/compiz-1/compizconfig但是当我尝试使用打开文件时，该文件或多或少被加密了nano。

从命令行分两步添加快捷键绑定（14.04+）

可以从命令行添加自定义快捷方式，但是有点复杂。每个键绑定需要完成几个步骤。在另一方面，它是非常简单，可以很好地照本宣科，如果你以某种方式要在命令行（这是这个问题，对不对？）做到这一点。

就像您的界面（“系统设置”>“键盘”>“快捷方式”>“自定义快捷方式”）一样，自定义键盘快捷方式是从命令行中分两个步骤进行的：

1. 通过编辑（添加到）命令返回的列表来创建键绑定：

   gsettings get org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys custom-keybindings
   

   返回的列表看起来像（如果当前只是一个快捷方式）：

   ['/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/']
   

   通过以下命令应用编辑后的列表：

   gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys custom-keybindings "[<altered_list>]"
   

   （注意双引号）

   NB无需说，在列表中提及（例如custom1，custom2）应该是唯一的一个。如果编写脚本，脚本应防止重复。在这种情况下，编辑后的列表应如下所示：

   ['/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom1/']
   

   添加一个键绑定： custom1

2. 设置其属性：

   • 名称：

     gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom1/ name '<newname>'
     

   • 命令：

     gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom1/ command '<newcommand>'
     

   • 组合键（例如<Primary><Alt>g）：

     gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom1/ binding '<key_combination>'
     

有用的信息可以在这里找到

设置新的自定义快捷方式的示例脚本

下面的脚本可用于从命令行设置新的快捷键组合。可以与命令一起使用（假设组合键可用）：

python3 /path/to/script.py '<name>' '<command>' '<key_combination>'

一个例子：

要将快捷键组合设置为使用组合gedit键Alt+ 打开7：

python3 /path/to/script.py 'open gedit' 'gedit' '<Alt>7'

剧本：

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import subprocess
import sys

# defining keys & strings to be used
key = "org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys custom-keybindings"
subkey1 = key.replace(" ", ".")[:-1]+":"
item_s = "/"+key.replace(" ", "/").replace(".", "/")+"/"
firstname = "custom"
# get the current list of custom shortcuts
get = lambda cmd: subprocess.check_output(["/bin/bash", "-c", cmd]).decode("utf-8")
array_str = get("gsettings get "+key)
# in case the array was empty, remove the annotation hints
command_result = array_str.lstrip("@as")
current = eval(command_result)
# make sure the additional keybinding mention is no duplicate
n = 1
while True:
    new = item_s+firstname+str(n)+"/"
    if new in current:
        n = n+1
    else:
        break
# add the new keybinding to the list
current.append(new)
# create the shortcut, set the name, command and shortcut key
cmd0 = 'gsettings set '+key+' "'+str(current)+'"'
cmd1 = 'gsettings set '+subkey1+new+" name '"+sys.argv[1]+"'"
cmd2 = 'gsettings set '+subkey1+new+" command '"+sys.argv[2]+"'"
cmd3 = 'gsettings set '+subkey1+new+" binding '"+sys.argv[3]+"'"

for cmd in [cmd0, cmd1, cmd2, cmd3]:
    subprocess.call(["/bin/bash", "-c", cmd])

如何使用：

将脚本粘贴到一个空文件中，另存为set_customshortcut.py，然后按照上述说明运行。

一些最常用的关键提示（通过实验发现，调查GUI方式对绑定值所做的更改）：

Super key:                 <Super>
Control key:               <Primary> or <Control>
Alt key:                   <Alt>
Shift key:                 <Shift>
numbers:                   1 (just the number)
Spacebar:                  space
Slash key:                 slash
Asterisk key:              asterisk (so it would need `<Shift>` as well)
Ampersand key:             ampersand (so it would need <Shift> as well)

a few numpad keys:
Numpad divide key (`/`):   KP_Divide
Numpad multiply (Asterisk):KP_Multiply
Numpad number key(s):      KP_1
Numpad `-`:                KP_Subtract

等等

有一个简单的使用方法dconf：

dconf write /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/command "'move-window.sh'"
dconf write /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/binding "'<Primary><Alt>Page_Down'"
dconf write /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/name "'move-window'"

使用gsettings：

gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/ name "'move-window'"
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/ binding "'<Primary><Alt>Page_Down'"
gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/ command "'/usr/local/bin/move-window.sh'"

您需要增加custom0零件数量以添加更多的绑定，即。custom1，custom2等等。

要使其永久存在，只需将其添加到.bash_profile或由登录Shell运行的类似脚本即可。只是不要对非登录shell去做.bashrc，因为从我的经验，这些dconf和gsettings显著慢下来。更改/添加30个绑定需要一秒钟！您不希望在非登录shell（.bashrc）中使用它！

所有自定义键盘快捷键设置都存储在dconf数据库中。

您可以使用以下命令轻松访问它们dconf-editor：

sudo apt-get install dconf-editor

然后在编辑器中转到以下dconf路径：

/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/

在12.04中从命令行添加快捷键绑定

为避免接受的答案过于广泛，请发布适用于12.04的单独解决方案。

在（包括12.04）之前，自定义键绑定未存储在dconf数据库中，而是存储在~/.gconf/desktop/gnome/keybindings（在xml文件中，在类似的子文件夹中custom0）。

下面的脚本创建xml文件及其包含文件夹，并自动正确命名。

如何使用

1. 将该脚本粘贴到一个空文件中，另存为 set_customshortcuts_12.py

2. 使用以下命令运行它：

   python /path/to/set_customshortcuts_12.py <name> <command> <key1> <key2> <key3>
   

   key3 是可选的，命令可以是例如：

   python /path/to/set_customshortcuts_12.py run_browser firefox Primary 7 
   

   要么

   python /path/to/set_customshortcuts_12.py run_texteditor gedit Primary Alt 3 
   

笔记

• 请注意，键的命名与编辑gsettings不同。据我所知，这些键的名称就像在“系统设置”>“键盘”>“快捷方式”>“自定义快捷方式”中显示的一样。
• 我在VirtualBox的12.04上测试了脚本；它需要注销/登录才能进行更改。

#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys

home = os.environ["HOME"]
name = sys.argv[1]
command = sys.argv[2]
keys = sys.argv[3:]

keyfile = [
    '<?xml version="1.0"?>',
    '<gconf>',
    '\t<entry name="action" mtime="1427791732" type="string">',
    '\t\t<stringvalue>'+command+'</stringvalue>',
    '\t</entry>',
    '\t<entry name="name" mtime="1427791732" type="string">',
    '\t\t<stringvalue>'+name+'</stringvalue>',
    '\t</entry>',
    '\t<entry name="binding" mtime="1427791736" type="string">',
    '\t</entry>',
    '</gconf>',
    ]

if len(keys) == 2:
    keyfile.insert(9, '\t\t<stringvalue>&lt;'+keys[0]+'&gt;'+keys[1]+'</stringvalue>')
else:
    keyfile.insert(9, '\t\t<stringvalue>&lt;'+keys[0]+'&gt;&lt;'+keys[1]+'&gt;'+keys[2]+'</stringvalue>')

n = 0
while True:
    check = home+"/"+".gconf/desktop/gnome/keybindings/custom"+str(n)
    if os.path.exists(check):
        n = n+1
    else:
        newdir = check
        newfile = check+"/"+"%gconf.xml"
        break

os.makedirs(newdir)
with open(newfile, "wt") as shortcut:
    for l in keyfile:
        shortcut.write(l+"\n")

您可以使用sed来设置新的自定义快捷方式，而无需使用python脚本。您只需在以下脚本中将name，binding和action设置为您的选择：

name="myaction"
binding="<CTRL><ALT>v"
action="/usr/local/bin/myaction"

media_keys=org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys
custom_kbd=org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding
kbd_path=/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/$name/
new_bindings=`gsettings get $media_keys custom-keybindings | sed -e"s>'\]>','$kbd_path']>"| sed -e"s>@as \[\]>['$kbd_path']>"`
gsettings set $media_keys custom-keybindings "$new_bindings"
gsettings set $custom_kbd:$kbd_path name $name
gsettings set $custom_kbd:$kbd_path binding $binding
gsettings set $custom_kbd:$kbd_path command $action

为此编写了一个脚本。见下文。

请参阅creatShortcut调用中的用法。

export nextShortcutId=0
function creatShortcut() {
    name="$1"
    commandToRun="$2"
    binding="$3"
    path="/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom${nextShortcutId}"
    nextShortcutId=$nextShortcutId+1
    dconf write "$path/name" "'""$name""'"
    dconf write "$path/command" "'""$commandToRun""'"
    dconf write "$path/binding" "'""$binding""'"
}

# dconf write /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/binding '"<Primary><Shift>exclam"'
creatShortcut 'copyq show' 'copyq show' '<Primary><Shift>exclam'
creatShortcut 'System Monitor' 'gnome-system-monitor' '<Primary><Alt>m'
creatShortcut 'Suspend' 'systemctl suspend -i' '<Super>d'
creatShortcut 'Volume Up' 'amixer -D pulse sset Master 5%+' '<Super>Page_Up'
creatShortcut 'Volume Down' 'amixer -D pulse sset Master 5%-' '<Super>Page_Down'

overallbindings=""
for ((i = 0 ; i < $nextShortcutId ; i++ ));
do
    overallbindings="$overallbindings, '$customindingPathPrefix$i/'"
done
overallbindings="[${overallbindings:2}]" # Delete the first 2 chars: " ," - space and comma
# echo $overallbindings

# Update the list of bindings for the shortcuts to work
dconf write /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings "$overallbindings"
# dconf write /org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings "['/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom0/', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom1/', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom2/', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom3/', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom4/', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom5/']"

我发现@JacobVlijm发布的答案非常有用，尤其是脚本。我将代码移植到bash。我不是这个功能是完美的，它可能包含一些错误，但是，它对我有用。

function set_shortcuts(){
    # Usage: set_shortcuts [name] [command] [shortcut]
    unset num i name command shortcut value test value_new
    local name="$1"
    local command="$2"
    local shortcut="$3"
    local value=$(gsettings get org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys custom-keybindings)
    local test=$(echo $value | sed "s/\['//;s/', '/,/g;s/'\]//" - | tr ',' '\n' | grep -oP ".*/custom\K[0-9]*(?=/$)")

    if [ "$(echo "$value" | grep -o "@as")" = "@as" ]; then
        local num=0
        local value_new="['/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom${num}/']"
    else
        local i=1
        until [ "$num" != "" ]; do
            if [ "$(echo $test | grep -o $i)" != "$i" ]; then
                local num=$i
            fi
            i=$(echo 1+$i | bc);
        done
        local value_new=$(gsettings get org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys custom-keybindings | sed "s#']\$#', '/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom${num}/']#" -)
    fi

    gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys custom-keybindings "$value_new"
    gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom${num}/ name "$name"
    gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom${num}/ command "$command"
    gsettings set org.gnome.settings-daemon.plugins.media-keys.custom-keybinding:/org/gnome/settings-daemon/plugins/media-keys/custom-keybindings/custom${num}/ binding "$shortcut"
}