总览

在此挑战中，您将获得两个数字，这两个数字的偏移量都比中等大小数字的倍数大。您必须输出一个中等大小的数字，该数字几乎是两个数字的除数，除了很小的偏移量。

涉及的数字大小将由难度参数来参数化l。您的目标是l在1分钟内最大可能地解决问题。

设定

在给定的问题中，将有一个秘密数字，p它将是一个随机l^2（l*l）位数字。将有两个乘数，q1, q2这将是随机l^3位数，并且将有两个偏移量r1, r2，这将是随机l位数。

程序的输入为x1, x2，定义为：

x1 = p * q1 + r1
x2 = p * q2 + r2

这是一个用Python生成测试用例的程序：

from random import randrange
from sys import argv

l = int(argv[1])

def randbits(bits):
    return randrange(2 ** (bits - 1), 2 ** bits)

p = randbits(l ** 2)
print(p)
for i in range(2):
    q_i = randbits(l ** 3)
    r_i = randbits(l)
    print(q_i * p + r_i)

输出的第一行是一种可能的解决方案，而第二行和第三行是将给出程序的输入。

您的程序

鉴于x1，x2并且l，你必须找到一个l^2位数p'，使得x1 % p'和x2 % p'都是l位数。p尽管可能还有其他可能性，但它将始终有效。这是验证解决方案的功能：

def is_correct(x1, x2, l, p_prime):
    p_prime_is_good = p_prime >> (l**2 - 1) and not p_prime >> l ** 2
    x1_is_good = (x1 % p_prime) >> (l-1) and not (x1 % p_prime) >> l
    x2_is_good = (x2 % p_prime) >> (l-1) and not (x2 % p_prime) >> l
    return bool(p_prime_is_good and x1_is_good and x2_is_good)

例

假设l为3。生成器程序为其选择一个9位数字p，在这种情况下为442。发电机挑选2 3个位的数字r1, r2，这是4, 7。发电机挑选2 27个位的数字q1, q2，这是117964803, 101808039。由于这些选择，x1, x2所以52140442930, 44999153245。

你的程序将被给予52140442930, 44999153245作为输入，并且必须输出一个9位数字（在的范围内[256, 511]），使得52140442930和44999153245模（在范围的数，得到3位数字[4, 7]）。442是在这种情况下唯一的此类值，因此您的程序将必须输出442。

更多例子

l = 2
x1 = 1894
x2 = 2060
p = 11
No other p'.

l = 3
x1 = 56007668599
x2 = 30611458895
p = 424
No other p'.

l = 6
x1 = 4365435975875889219149338064474396898067189178953471159903352227492495111071
x2 = 6466809655659049447127736275529851894657569985804963410176865782113074947167
p = 68101195620
I don't know whether there are other p'.

l = 12
x1 = 132503538560485423319724633262218262792296147003813662398252348727558616998821387759658729802732555377599590456096450977511271450086857949046098328487779612488702544062780731169071526325427862701033062986918854245283037892816922645703778218888876645148150396130125974518827547039720412359298502758101864465267219269598121846675000819173555118275197412936184329860639224312426860362491131729109976241526141192634523046343361089218776687819810873911761177080056675776644326080790638190845283447304699879671516831798277084926941086929776037986892223389603958335825223
x2 = 131643270083452525545713630444392174853686642378302602432151533578354175874660202842105881983788182087244225335788180044756143002547651778418104898394856368040582966040636443591550863800820890232349510212502022967044635049530630094703200089437589000344385691841539471759564428710508659169951391360884974854486267690231936418935298696990496810984630182864946252125857984234200409883080311780173125332191068011865349489020080749633049912518609380810021976861585063983190710264511339441915235691015858985314705640801109163008926275586193293353829677264797719957439635
p = 12920503469397123671484716106535636962543473
I don't know whether there are other p'.

l = 12
x1 = 202682323504122627687421150801262260096036559509855209647629958481910539332845439801686105377638207777951377858833355315514789392768449139095245989465034831121409966815913228535487871119596033570221780568122582453813989896850354963963579404589216380209702064994881800638095974725735826187029705991851861437712496046570494304535548139347915753682466465910703584162857986211423274841044480134909827293577782500978784365107166584993093904666548341384683749686200216537120741867400554787359905811760833689989323176213658734291045194879271258061845641982134589988950037
x2 = 181061672413088057213056735163589264228345385049856782741314216892873615377401934633944987733964053303318802550909800629914413353049208324641813340834741135897326747139541660984388998099026320957569795775586586220775707569049815466134899066365036389427046307790466751981020951925232623622327618223732816807936229082125018442471614910956092251885124883253591153056364654734271407552319665257904066307163047533658914884519547950787163679609742158608089946055315496165960274610016198230291033540306847172592039765417365770579502834927831791804602945514484791644440788
p = 21705376375228755718179424140760701489963164

计分

如上所述，您的程序得分是l该程序在1分钟内完成的最高得分。更具体地说，您的程序将在带有5个随机实例的情况下运行l，并且必须在所有5个实例上输出正确答案，平均时间少于1分钟。一个程序的分数将是l其成功的最高分。决胜局将是平均时间l。

为了让您大致了解要达到的分数，我编写了一个非常简单的蛮力解算器。它得到了5分。我写了一个更出色的解​​算器。根据运气，它的得分为12或13。

细节

为了使答案之间具有完美的可比性，我将在笔记本电脑上安排提交时间，以给出标准的分数。我还将在所有提交中运行相同的随机选择实例，以减轻运气。我的笔记本电脑有4个CPU，i5-4300U CPU @ 1.9 GHz，7.5G RAM。

您可以根据自己的时间随意发布临时评分，只需明确说明是临时评分还是标准评分即可。

愿最快的程序获胜！

锈，L = 13

src/main.rs

extern crate gmp;
extern crate rayon;

use gmp::mpz::Mpz;
use gmp::rand::RandState;
use rayon::prelude::*;
use std::cmp::max;
use std::env;
use std::mem::swap;

// Solver

fn solve(x1: &Mpz, x2: &Mpz, l: usize) -> Option<Mpz> {
    let m = l*l - 1;
    let r = -1i64 << l-2 .. 1 << l-2;
    let (mut x1, mut x2) = (x1 - (3 << l-2), x2 - (3 << l-2));
    let (mut a1, mut a2, mut b1, mut b2) = (Mpz::one(), Mpz::zero(), Mpz::zero(), Mpz::one());
    while !x2.is_zero() &&
        &(max(a1.abs(), b1.abs()) << l-2) < &x1 &&
        &(max(a2.abs(), b2.abs()) << l-2) < &x2
    {
        let q = &x1/&x2;
        swap(&mut x1, &mut x2);
        x2 -= &q*&x1;
        swap(&mut a1, &mut a2);
        a2 -= &q*&a1;
        swap(&mut b1, &mut b2);
        b2 -= &q*&b1;
    }
    r.clone().into_par_iter().map(|u| {
        let (mut y1, mut y2) = (&x1 - &a1*u + (&b1 << l-2), &x2 - &a2*u + (&b2 << l-2));
        for _ in r.clone() {
            let d = Mpz::gcd(&y1, &y2);
            if d.bit_length() >= m {
                let d = d.abs();
                let (mut k, k1) = (&d >> l*l, &d >> l*l-1);
                while k < k1 {
                    k += 1;
                    if (&d%&k).is_zero() {
                        return Some(&d/&k)
                    }
                }
            }
            y1 -= &b1;
            y2 -= &b2;
        }
        None
    }).find_any(|o| o.is_some()).unwrap_or(None)
}

// Test harness

fn randbits(rnd: &mut RandState, bits: usize) -> Mpz {
    rnd.urandom(&(Mpz::one() << bits - 1)) + (Mpz::one() << bits - 1)
}

fn gen(rnd: &mut RandState, l: usize) -> (Mpz, Mpz, Mpz) {
    let p = randbits(rnd, l*l);
    (randbits(rnd, l*l*l)*&p + randbits(rnd, l),
     randbits(rnd, l*l*l)*&p + randbits(rnd, l),
     p)
}

fn is_correct(x1: &Mpz, x2: &Mpz, l: usize, p_prime: &Mpz) -> bool {
    p_prime.bit_length() == l*l &&
        (x1 % p_prime).bit_length() == l &&
        (x2 % p_prime).bit_length() == l
}

fn random_test(l: usize, n: usize) {
    let mut rnd = RandState::new();  // deterministic seed
    for _ in 0..n {
        let (x1, x2, p) = gen(&mut rnd, l);
        println!("x1 = {}", x1);
        println!("x2 = {}", x2);
        println!("l = {}", l);
        println!("p = {}", p);
        println!("x1 % p = {}", &x1 % &p);
        println!("x2 % p = {}", &x2 % &p);
        assert!(is_correct(&x1, &x2, l, &p));
        let p_prime = solve(&x1, &x2, l).expect("no solution found!");
        println!("p' = {}", p_prime);
        assert!(is_correct(&x1, &x2, l, &p_prime));
        println!("correct");
    }
}

// Command line interface

fn main() {
    let args = &env::args().collect::<Vec<_>>();
    if args.len() == 4 && args[1] == "--random" {
        if let (Ok(l), Ok(n)) = (args[2].parse(), args[3].parse()) {
            return random_test(l, n);
        }
    }
    if args.len() == 4 {
        if let (Ok(x1), Ok(x2), Ok(l)) = (args[1].parse(), args[2].parse(), args[3].parse()) {
            match solve(&x1, &x2, l) {
                None => println!("no solution found"),
                Some(p_prime) => println!("{}", p_prime),
            }
            return;
        }
    }
    println!("Usage:");
    println!("    {} --random L N", args[0]);
    println!("    {} X1 X2 L", args[0]);
}

Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "agcd"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["Anders Kaseorg <andersk@mit.edu>"]

[dependencies]
rayon = "0.7.1"
rust-gmp = "0.5.0"

跑步

cargo build --release
target/release/agcd 56007668599 30611458895 3
target/release/agcd --random 13 5

Mathematica，L = 5

这是一个快速的5解决方案

(l = #3;
a = #1 - Range[2^(l - 1), 2^l];
b = #2 - Range[2^(l - 1), 2^l];
Last@Intersection[
Flatten[Table[Select[Divisors@a[[i]], # < 2^l^2 &], {i, Length@a}],
 1],
Flatten[Table[Select[Divisors@b[[i]], # < 2^l^2 &], {i, Length@b}],
 1]]
) &

输入
[x1，x2，L]

为了任何人都可以测试，这里是密钥生成器

l = 5;
a = RandomInteger[{2^(l^2 - 1), 2^(l^2)}]
b = RandomInteger[{2^(l^3 - 1), 2^(l^3)}];
c = RandomInteger[{2^(l - 1), 2^l - 1}];
f = RandomInteger[{2^(l^3 - 1), 2^(l^3)}];
g = RandomInteger[{2^(l - 1), 2^l - 1}];
x = a*b + c
y = a*f + g

选择L值运行，代码，您将获得三个数字。
将最后两个与L一起输入，您应该得到第一个

Mathematica，L = 12

ClearAll[l, a, b, k, m];
(l = #3;
a = #1 - Range[2^(l - 1), 2^l];
b = #2 - Range[2^(l - 1), 2^l];
k = Length@a;
m = Length@b;
For[i = 1, i <= k, i++, 
For[j = 1, j <= m, j++, If[2^(l^2 - 1) < GCD[a[[i]], b[[j]]],
 If[GCD[a[[i]], b[[j]]] > 2^l^2, 
  Print@Max@
    Select[Divisors[GCD[a[[i]], b[[j]]]], 
     2^(l^2 - 1) < # < 2^l^2 &]; Abort[], 
  Print[GCD[a[[i]], b[[j]]]];
  Abort[]]]]]) &

输入 [x1，x2，L]

为了任何人都可以测试，这里是密钥生成器

l = 12;
a = RandomInteger[{2^(l^2 - 1), 2^(l^2)}]
b = RandomInteger[{2^(l^3 - 1), 2^(l^3)}];
c = RandomInteger[{2^(l - 1), 2^l - 1}];
f = RandomInteger[{2^(l^3 - 1), 2^(l^3)}];
g = RandomInteger[{2^(l - 1), 2^l - 1}];
x = a*b + c
y = a*f + g

选择L值，运行代码，您将获得三个数字。
将最后两个与L一起输入，您应该得到第一个

Python，L = 15，平均时间39.9s

from sys import argv
from random import seed, randrange

from gmpy2 import gcd, mpz
import gmpy2

def mult_buckets(buckets):
    if len(buckets) == 1:
        return buckets[0]
    new_buckets = []
    for i in range(0, len(buckets), 2):
        if i == len(buckets) - 1:
            new_buckets.append(buckets[i])
        else:
            new_buckets.append(buckets[i] * buckets[i+1])
    return mult_buckets(new_buckets)


def get_products(xs, l):
    num_buckets = 1000
    lower_r = 1 << l - 1
    upper_r = 1 << l
    products = []
    bucket_size = (upper_r - lower_r)//num_buckets + 1
    for x in xs:
        buckets = []
        for bucket_num in range(num_buckets):
            product = mpz(1)
            for r in range(lower_r + bucket_num * bucket_size,
                           min(upper_r, lower_r + (bucket_num + 1) * bucket_size)):
                product *= x - mpz(r)
            buckets.append(product)
        products.append(mult_buckets(buckets))
    return products

def solve(xs, l):
    lower_r = 2**(l - 1)
    upper_r = 2**l
    lower_p = 2**(l**2 - 1)
    upper_p = 2**(l**2)

    products = get_products(xs, l)
    overlap = gcd(*products)
    candidate_lists = []
    for x in xs:
        candidates = []
        candidate_lists.append(candidates)
        for r in range(lower_r, upper_r):
            common_divisor = gcd(x-r, overlap)
            if common_divisor >= lower_p:
                candidates.append(common_divisor)
    to_reduce = []
    for l_candidate in candidate_lists[0]:
        for r_candidate in candidate_lists[1]:
            best_divisor = gcd(l_candidate, r_candidate)
            if lower_p <= best_divisor < upper_p:
                return best_divisor
            elif best_divisor > upper_p:
                to_reduce.append(best_divisor)
    for divisor in to_reduce:
        cutoff = divisor // lower_p
        non_divisors = []
        for sub_divisor in range(2, cutoff + 1):
            if any(sub_divisor % non_divisor == 0 for non_divisor in non_divisors):
                continue
            quotient, remainder = gmpy2.c_divmod(divisor, sub_divisor)
            if remainder == 0 and lower_p <= quotient < upper_p:
                return quotient
            if quotient < lower_p:
                break
            if remainder != 0:
                non_divisors.append(sub_divisor)

def is_correct(x1, x2, l, p_prime):
    p_prime_is_good = p_prime >> (l**2 - 1) and not p_prime >> l ** 2
    x1_is_good = (x1 % p_prime) >> (l-1) and not (x1 % p_prime) >> l
    x2_is_good = (x2 % p_prime) >> (l-1) and not (x2 % p_prime) >> l
    return bool(p_prime_is_good and x1_is_good and x2_is_good)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    seed(0)

    l = int(argv[1])
    reps = int(argv[2])

    def randbits(bits):
        return randrange(2 ** (bits - 1), 2 ** bits)

    for _ in range(reps):
        p = randbits(l ** 2)
        print("p = ", p)
        xs = []
        for i in range(2):
            q_i = randbits(l ** 3)
            print("q", i, "=", q_i)
            r_i = randbits(l)
            print("r", i, "=", r_i)
            x_i = q_i * p + r_i
            print("x", i, "=", x_i)
            xs.append(x_i)

        res = solve(xs, l)
        print("answer = ", res)
        print("Correct?", is_correct(xs[0], xs[1], l, res))

该代码基于以下事实：对于所有可能的r值，x1-r的乘积必须是p的倍数，而x2-r的乘积也必须是p的倍数。大部分时间都花在了两种产品的gcd上，每种产品都有大约60,000,000位。然后将仅具有大约250,000位的gcd再次与每个xr值进行比较，以提取p'个候选对象。如果它们太大，则使用试算法将其减小到适当的范围。

这基于用于Python的gmpy2库，它是GNU MP库的精简包装，尤其是它具有非常好的gcd例程。

该代码是单线程的。