受到nandgame最近在TNB上的普及以及我以前的挑战的启发。

背景

密集包装的十进制（DPD）是一种以二进制有效存储十进制数字的方法。它以10位存储三位十进制数字（000至999），这比朴素的BCD（以4位存储一位数字）的效率要高得多。

换算表

DPD旨在通过简单的从上到下的模式匹配在位和数字之间轻松转换。每个位模式定义数字有多少个高数字（8-9），它们在哪里以及如何移动这些位以形成小数表示。

以下是从DPD的10位到三位十进制数字的转换表。每个十进制数字都表示为4位二进制（BCD）。双方都从最高位到最低位从左到右书写。

Bits                 =>  Decimal         (Digit range)

a b c d e f 0 g h i  =>  0abc 0def 0ghi  (0-7) (0-7) (0-7)

a b c d e f 1 0 0 i  =>  0abc 0def 100i  (0–7) (0–7) (8–9)
a b c g h f 1 0 1 i  =>  0abc 100f 0ghi  (0–7) (8–9) (0–7)
g h c d e f 1 1 0 i  =>  100c 0def 0ghi  (8–9) (0–7) (0–7)

g h c 0 0 f 1 1 1 i  =>  100c 100f 0ghi  (8–9) (8–9) (0–7)
d e c 0 1 f 1 1 1 i  =>  100c 0def 100i  (8–9) (0–7) (8–9)
a b c 1 0 f 1 1 1 i  =>  0abc 100f 100i  (0–7) (8–9) (8–9)
x x c 1 1 f 1 1 1 i  =>  100c 100f 100i  (8–9) (8–9) (8–9)

记号

• 小写字母ato i是复制到十进制表示形式的位。
• 0和1是输入或输出位模式中的确切位。
• x 转换中忽略位。

任务

使用两输入与非门构建逻辑电路，以将10位DPD转换为12位BCD。

例子

强调的位是模式匹配位。

DPD                    Decimal  BCD
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1    005      0000 0000 0101
            ^
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1    063      0000 0110 0011
            ^
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1    079      0000 0111 1001
            ^ ^ ^
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0    090      0000 1001 0000
            ^ ^ ^
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0    098      0000 1001 1000
      ^ ^   ^ ^ ^
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0    592      0101 1001 0010
            ^ ^ ^
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1    941      1001 0100 0001
            ^ ^ ^
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1    879      1000 0111 1001
      ^ ^   ^ ^ ^
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0    986      1001 1000 0110
      ^ ^   ^ ^ ^
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1    999      1001 1001 1001
      ^ ^   ^ ^ ^
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1    999      1001 1001 1001
      ^ ^   ^ ^ ^

得分和获胜标准

分数是电路中使用的两输入与非门的数量。最低分获胜。

您可以根据双输入与非门定义小型组件，然后在最终构造中使用它们。如果一个组件X包括N两个输入与非门，则每次使用都会X增加N您的分数。对于基本逻辑门，这意味着：

• 不：+1
• 2输入AND：+2
• 2输入或：+3
• 2输入异或：+4

45个NAND（或43个）

45似乎是绝对的最小值，但是可以通过以下技巧达到43个NAND：假设正确地编码了最大的数字。

888、889、898、899、988、989、998、999将使用2 MSB编码为00，仅需要43个NAND进行解码。

但是，在解码规范中，它们被指定为忽略，这意味着它们可以是任何东西。有一个合理的假设，即这个更自由的规范可能需要更少的门，但是事实恰恰相反。为此需要45个门。这种节省可以为实际电路带来真正的好处。

我还发现电路效率更高，速度更快，包含更多的门。

这次没有用铅笔绘制电路的图像。也许以后。

该电路以明显的Verilog代码表示，可以在包含测试的情况下运行。

Verilog代码：

// Densely packed decimal (DPD) to decimal, circuit in Verilog.
// 45 NANDs only, which seems to be minimal.
//
// By Kim Øyhus 2019 (c) into (CC BY-SA 3.0.)
// This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
// Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit
// https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
//
// This is my entry to win this Programming Puzzle & Code Golf
// at Stack Exchange: 
// /codegolf/176557/densely-packed-decimal-dpd-to-decimal-with-logic-gates
//
// TASK:
// 3 decimal digits are stored in 10 bits in the DPD format,
// and this circuit transforms them into 3 decimal digits in
// 4 bits each, BCD format.
//
// 45 gates seem to be the smallest possible NAND circuit there is
// for this task, but I can get even lower by a trick, to 43:
// I assume that the largest numbers are correctly encoded.
//   888, 889, 898, 899, 988, 989, 998, 999 are to be encoded
// with the 2 MSB as 00, requiring just 43 NANDs for decoding.
//
//   However, in the specification for decoding, they are specified
// to be ignored, meaning they can be anything. It is a reasonable
// assumption that this freer specification could require even fewer
// gates, but the opposite is true. 45 gates are required for this.
// This saving could give real benefits for real circuits.
//
//   This DPD format seems to be used a lot for storing decimal numbers
// in computers and IO for ALUs, even though it is stored as 12 bits
// per 3 digits inside the ALUs and for other calculations.
// It is also used in many patents.


module decode1000 ( in_000, in_001, in_002, in_003, in_004, in_005, in_006, in_007, in_008, in_009, out000, out001, out002, out003, out004, out005, out006, out007, out008, out009, out010, out011 );
  input  in_000, in_001, in_002, in_003, in_004, in_005, in_006, in_007, in_008, in_009;
  output out000, out001, out002, out003, out004, out005, out006, out007, out008, out009, out010, out011;
  wire   wir000, wir001, wir002, wir003, wir004, wir005, wir006, wir007, wir008, wir009, wir010, wir011, wir012, wir013, wir014, wir015, wir016, wir017, wir018, wir019, wir020, wir021, wir022, wir023, wir024, wir025, wir026, wir027, wir028, wir029, wir030, wir031, wir032;

  nand gate000 ( wir000, in_007, in_007 );
  nand gate001 ( wir001, in_003, in_001 );
  nand gate002 ( wir002, in_002, in_003 );
  nand gate003 ( wir003, wir001, in_006 );
  nand gate004 ( wir004, wir002, in_001 );
  nand gate005 ( wir005, wir001, wir001 );
  nand gate006 ( wir006, in_005, in_001 );
  nand gate007 ( wir007, wir006, in_003 );
  nand gate008 ( out008, wir000, wir000 );
  nand gate009 ( wir008, wir004, wir007 );
  nand gate010 ( wir009, wir005, in_006 );
  nand gate011 ( wir010, wir007, wir007 );
  nand gate012 ( wir011, wir009, in_002 );
  nand gate013 ( wir012, wir011, wir009 );
  nand gate014 ( wir013, wir011, wir011 );
  nand gate015 ( wir014, in_008, wir013 );
  nand gate016 ( wir015, in_009, wir013 );
  nand gate017 ( wir016, wir010, wir014 );
  nand gate018 ( wir017, wir014, wir005 );
  nand gate019 ( wir018, wir015, wir015 );
  nand gate020 ( wir019, wir011, wir008 );
  nand gate021 ( wir020, wir019, wir006 );
  nand gate022 ( wir021, wir010, wir018 );
  nand gate023 ( wir022, wir020, wir004 );
  nand gate024 ( wir023, wir016, wir008 );
  nand gate025 ( out001, wir023, wir023 );
  nand gate026 ( out003, wir022, wir022 );
  nand gate027 ( wir024, wir005, wir008 );
  nand gate028 ( wir025, wir012, wir002 );
  nand gate029 ( wir026, wir019, in_003 );
  nand gate030 ( wir027, in_004, in_004 );
  nand gate031 ( out007, wir024, wir009 );
  nand gate032 ( out011, wir026, wir026 );
  nand gate033 ( wir028, wir017, in_005 );
  nand gate034 ( wir029, in_000, in_000 );
  nand gate035 ( wir030, wir026, in_008 );
  nand gate036 ( out005, wir028, wir028 );
  nand gate037 ( out009, wir030, wir030 );
  nand gate038 ( out000, wir029, wir029 );
  nand gate039 ( wir031, wir026, in_009 );
  nand gate040 ( out004, wir027, wir027 );
  nand gate041 ( out010, wir031, wir031 );
  nand gate042 ( wir032, out003, wir018 );
  nand gate043 ( out006, wir003, wir032 );
  nand gate044 ( out002, wir025, wir021 );
endmodule

module test;
   reg  [ 9:0] AB; // input DPD
   wire [11:0] C; // output BCD

  decode1000 U1 ( 
  .in_000 (AB[ 0]), 
  .in_001 (AB[ 1]), 
  .in_002 (AB[ 2]), 
  .in_003 (AB[ 3]), 
  .in_004 (AB[ 4]), 
  .in_005 (AB[ 5]), 
  .in_006 (AB[ 6]), 
  .in_007 (AB[ 7]), 
  .in_008 (AB[ 8]), 
  .in_009 (AB[ 9]), 
  .out000 ( C[ 0]),
  .out001 ( C[ 1]),
  .out002 ( C[ 2]),
  .out003 ( C[ 3]),
  .out004 ( C[ 4]),
  .out005 ( C[ 5]),
  .out006 ( C[ 6]),
  .out007 ( C[ 7]),
  .out008 ( C[ 8]),
  .out009 ( C[ 9]),
  .out010 ( C[10]),
  .out011 ( C[11])
  ); 

   initial  AB=0;  //unary=0;  binary=0
  always  #1  AB = AB+1;
  initial  begin
    $display("\t\ttime,\tinn 10bit   \tout 3x4bit"); 
    $monitor("%d,\t%b %b %b\t%b %b %b\t %d%d%d",$time, AB[9:7],AB[6:4],AB[3:0], C[11:8], C[7:4], C[3:0],  C[11:8], C[7:4], C[3:0]); 
  end 
  initial  #1023  $finish; 
endmodule

// How I run and test it:
// iverilog -o decode1000 decode1000.v
// vvp decode1000

65 62 60 58 NAND

以投入为i0以i9和输出作为o0对o9, oa, ob我们有

t0 = nand(i6, i7)
t1 = nand(t0, t0)
t2 = nand(i3, i4)
o0 = nand(nand(nand(t2, i3), t1), nand(nand(t2, i8), t1))
t3 = nand(o0, o0)
t4 = nand(i0, t3)
o1 = nand(t4, t4)
t5 = nand(i1, t3)
o2 = nand(t5, t5)
o3 = i2
# Score 13 for the first decimal digit

u0 = nand(i6, i8)
u1 = nand(u0, t0)
u2 = nand(i4, t2)
o4 = nand(nand(nand(u2, u0), u2), nand(u1, t0))
u3 = nand(o4, o4)
u4 = nand(o0, i8)
u5 = nand(u4, u4)
u6 = nand(u3, nand(nand(u5, i0), nand(u4, i3)))
o5 = nand(u6, u6)
u7 = nand(u3, nand(nand(u5, i1), nand(u4, i4)))
o6 = nand(u7, u7)
o7 = i5
# Score 20 for the second decimal digit

o8 = nand(nand(nand(nand(i4, i8), o0), t1), nand(nand(i6, u1), i6))
v2 = nand(o8, o8)
v3 = nand(i6, i6)
v4 = nand(i7, i7)
v5 = nand(v2, nand(nand(i6, nand(nand(i7, i0), nand(v4, i3))), nand(v3, i7)))
o9 = nand(v5, v5)
v6 = nand(v2, nand(nand(i6, nand(nand(i7, i1), nand(v4, i4))), nand(v3, i8)))
oa = nand(v6, v6)
ob = i9
# Score 25 for the third decimal digit

Python测试框架可验证构造的正确性。