找到优胜者

好像我们有赢家！除非有人计划与世界上最快的数独求解器竞争，否则用户53x15会以惊人的快速解算器Tdoku获胜。对于仍在使用其求解器的任何人，我将在有时间的时候仍然对新提交的内容进行基准测试。

挑战

数独游戏的目标是用数字1-9填满棋盘，每个单元格中填入一个数字，这样每一行，每一列和每个盒子只包含一个数字。数独难题的一个非常重要的方面是应该只有一个有效的解决方案。

挑战的目标很简单，您应该尽快解决数独难题。但是，您不仅会解决任何旧的Sudoku问题，而且还将解决存在的最困难的Sudoku难题，即17线索Sudokus。这是一个例子：

规则

语言

您可以自由使用任何语言。如果我没有使用您的语言安装的编译器，则应该能够提供安装在Linux上可以运行脚本的环境所需的一组命令行说明。

标杆机

该基准测试将在Dell XPS 9560、2.8GHz Intel Core i7-7700HQ（3.8GHz增强）4核，8线程，16GB RAM上运行。GTX 1050 4GB。该机器运行Ubuntu 19.04。这是uname输出，任何有兴趣的人。

Linux 5.0.0-25-generic #26-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 1 12:04:58 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

输入项

输入将作为文件给出。可以在这里找到。该文件包含49151个数独难题。文件的第一行是拼图的数量，其后每行长81个字符，代表一个拼图。未知细胞是0，已知细胞是1-9。

您的程序应该能够将文件名作为参数，或者具有来自STDIN的文件输入，以便于手动检查解决方案。请提供有关程序如何输入的说明。

时间/计分

通过评论中的讨论和一些反思，评分标准已更改为您整个程序的时间。即使在官方评分中，您的程序也应生成具有正确哈希值的输出文件。这不会干扰任何现有解决方案，也不会改变目前的排名。对计分系统的任何想法都将受到赞赏。

如果两个解决方案的单次运行得分相似，则我将运行多个基准测试，平均时间为最终得分。如果平均分数相差不到2％，我会认为这是平局。

如果您的解决方案运行时间超过一个小时，则不会获得正式评分。在这种情况下，您有责任报告其运行所在的计算机以及您的分数。对于优化的求解器，这应该不是问题。

编辑：引起我注意的是，尽管困难重重，但摆在眼前的问题并不是最困难的。如果有时间，我将尝试将此处介绍的解决方案与较难的难题组合进行基准测试，并将分数添加到每个提交的内容中。但是，这并非官方评分，只是为了好玩。

验证

您的解决方案将通过MD5 / SHA256校验和进行验证。您的脚本应该能够生成包含所有难题及其解决方案的文件。但是，该文件也将被手动检查，因此请勿尝试获取哈希冲突。您的输出文件应匹配：

MD5：41704fd7d8fd0723a45ffbb2dbbfa488
SHA256：0bc8dda364db7b99f389b42383e37b411d9fa022204d124cb3c8959eba252f05

该文件将采用以下格式：

<num_puzzles>
<unsolved_puzzle#1>,<solved_puzzle#1>
<unsolved_puzzle#2>,<solved_puzzle#2>
...
<unsolved_puzzle#n>,<solved_puzzle#n>

与一个尾随换行符。

不允许的

绝对不允许您硬编码解决方案。您的算法应适用于任何数独难题，包括简单和困难的数独。但是，如果您的解决方案速度较慢，则很容易遇到难题，那完全没问题。

不允许您使用不确定的程序。您可以使用随机数生成器，但生成器的种子应固定。该规则是为了确保测量更加精确，并且变化较小。（感谢彼得·泰勒的小费）

在程序运行期间，不允许使用任何外部资源或Web请求。一切都应该是独立的。这不适用于允许的已安装库和软件包。

其他资讯

如果您想要另一个测试集来检查您的解决方案，这里有10000个更简单的Sudokus。这是他们的解决方案。

MD5：3cb465ef6077c4fcab5bd6ae3bc50d62
SHA256：0bc8dda364db7b99f389b42383e37b411d9fa022204d124cb3c8959eba252f05

如果您有任何疑问，请随时提出，我将尽力澄清任何误解。

C ++-0.201秒官方成绩

使用Tdoku（代码；设计；基准）可以得到以下结果：

〜/ tdoku $ lscpu | grep Model.name
型号名称：Intel（R）CoreTM i7-4930K CPU @ 3.40GHz

〜/ tdoku $＃构建：
〜/ tdoku $ CC = clang-8 CXX = clang ++-8 ./BUILD.sh
〜/ tdoku $ clang -o解决示例/solve.c build / libtdoku.a 

〜/ tdoku $＃调整输入格式：
〜/ tdoku $ sed -e“ s / 0 /./ g” all_17_clue_sudokus.txt> all_17_clue_sudokus.txt.in

〜/ tdoku $＃解决：
〜/ tdoku $时间./solve 1 <all_17_clue_sudokus.txt.in> out.txt
真正的0m0.241s
用户0m0.229s
SYS 0分0.012秒

〜/ tdoku $＃调整输出格式和sha256sum：
〜/ tdoku $ grep -v“ ^：0：$” out.txt | sed -e“ s /：1：/，/” | tr。0 | sha256sum
0bc8dda364db7b99f389b42383e37b411d9fa022204d124cb3c8959eba252f05-

Tdoku已针对硬Sudoku实例进行了优化。但是请注意，与问题陈述相反的是，17个线索谜题与最困难的数独游戏相距甚远。实际上，它们是最简单的，其中大多数根本不需要回溯。请参阅Tdoku项目中的其他一些基准数据集，以了解实际上很难解决的难题。

还要注意，尽管Tdoku是我所知道的用于快速难题的最快求解器，但对于17个线索难题却不是最快的求解器。对于这些人，我认为最快的是这个rust项目，它是JCZSolve的派生产品，在开发过程中针对17个线索难题进行了优化。根据平台的不同，这些难题可能比Tdoku快5-25％。

Node.js，8.231s 6.735s官方得分

将文件名作为参数。输入文件可能已经包含挑战中所述格式的解决方案，在这种情况下，程序会将它们与自己的解决方案进行比较。

结果保存在'sudoku.log'中。

码

'use strict';

const fs = require('fs');

const BLOCK     = [];
const BLOCK_NDX = [];
const N_BIT     = [];
const ZERO      = [];
const BIT       = [];

console.time('Processing time');

init();

let filename = process.argv[2],
    puzzle = fs.readFileSync(filename).toString().split('\n'),
    len = puzzle.shift(),
    output = len + '\n';

console.log("File '" + filename + "': " + len + " puzzles");

// solve all puzzles
puzzle.forEach((p, i) => {
  let sol, res;

  [ p, sol ] = p.split(',');

  if(p.length == 81) {
    if(!(++i % 2000)) {
      console.log((i * 100 / len).toFixed(1) + '%');
    }
    if(!(res = solve(p))) {
      throw "Failed on puzzle " + i;
    }
    if(sol && res != sol) {
      throw "Invalid solution for puzzle " + i;
    }
    output += p + ',' + res + '\n';
  }
});

// results
console.timeEnd('Processing time');
fs.writeFileSync('sudoku.log', output);
console.log("MD5 = " + require('crypto').createHash('md5').update(output).digest("hex"));

// initialization of lookup tables
function init() {
  let ptr, x, y;

  for(x = 0; x < 0x200; x++) {
    N_BIT[x] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].reduce((s, n) => s + (x >> n & 1), 0);
    ZERO[x] = ~x & -~x;
  }

  for(x = 0; x < 9; x++) {
    BIT[1 << x] = x;
  }

  for(ptr = y = 0; y < 9; y++) {
    for(x = 0; x < 9; x++, ptr++) {
      BLOCK[ptr] = (y / 3 | 0) * 3 + (x / 3 | 0);
      BLOCK_NDX[ptr] = (y % 3) * 3 + x % 3;
    }
  }
}

// solver
function solve(p) {
  let ptr, x, y, v,
      count = 81,
      m = Array(81).fill(-1),
      row = Array(9).fill(0),
      col = Array(9).fill(0),
      blk = Array(9).fill(0);

  // helper function to check and play a move
  function play(stack, x, y, n) {
    let p = y * 9 + x;

    if(~m[p]) {
      if(m[p] == n) {
        return true;
      }
      undo(stack);
      return false;
    }

    let msk, b;

    msk = 1 << n;
    b = BLOCK[p];

    if((col[x] | row[y] | blk[b]) & msk) {
      undo(stack);
      return false;
    }
    count--;
    col[x] ^= msk;
    row[y] ^= msk;
    blk[b] ^= msk;
    m[p] = n;
    stack.push(x << 8 | y << 4 | n);

    return true;
  }

  // helper function to undo all moves on the stack
  function undo(stack) {
    stack.forEach(v => {
      let x = v >> 8,
          y = v >> 4 & 15,
          p = y * 9 + x,
          b = BLOCK[p];

      v = 1 << (v & 15);

      count++;
      col[x] ^= v;
      row[y] ^= v;
      blk[b] ^= v;
      m[p] = -1;
    });
  }

  // convert the puzzle into our own format
  for(ptr = y = 0; y < 9; y++) {
    for(x = 0; x < 9; x++, ptr++) {
      if(~(v = p[ptr] - 1)) {
        col[x] |= 1 << v;
        row[y] |= 1 << v;
        blk[BLOCK[ptr]] |= 1 << v;
        count--;
        m[ptr] = v;
      }
    }
  }

  // main recursive search function
  let res = (function search() {
    // success?
    if(!count) {
      return true;
    }

    let ptr, x, y, v, n, max, best,
        k, i, stack = [],
        dCol = Array(81).fill(0),
        dRow = Array(81).fill(0),
        dBlk = Array(81).fill(0),
        b, v0;

    // scan the grid:
    // - keeping track of where each digit can go on a given column, row or block
    // - looking for a cell with the fewest number of legal moves
    for(max = ptr = y = 0; y < 9; y++) {
      for(x = 0; x < 9; x++, ptr++) {
        if(m[ptr] == -1) {
          v = col[x] | row[y] | blk[BLOCK[ptr]];
          n = N_BIT[v];

          // abort if there's no legal move on this cell
          if(n == 9) {
            return false;
          }

          // update dCol[], dRow[] and dBlk[]
          for(v0 = v ^ 0x1FF; v0;) {
            b = v0 & -v0;
            dCol[x * 9 + BIT[b]] |= 1 << y;
            dRow[y * 9 + BIT[b]] |= 1 << x;
            dBlk[BLOCK[ptr] * 9 + BIT[b]] |= 1 << BLOCK_NDX[ptr];
            v0 ^= b;
          }

          // update the cell with the fewest number of moves
          if(n > max) {
            best = {
              x  : x,
              y  : y,
              ptr: ptr,
              msk: v
            };
            max = n;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // play all forced moves (unique candidates on a given column, row or block)
    // and make sure that it doesn't lead to any inconsistency
    for(k = 0; k < 9; k++) {
      for(n = 0; n < 9; n++) {
        if(N_BIT[dCol[k * 9 + n]] == 1) {
          i = BIT[dCol[k * 9 + n]];

          if(!play(stack, k, i, n)) {
            return false;
          }
        }

        if(N_BIT[dRow[k * 9 + n]] == 1) {
          i = BIT[dRow[k * 9 + n]];

          if(!play(stack, i, k, n)) {
            return false;
          }
        }

        if(N_BIT[dBlk[k * 9 + n]] == 1) {
          i = BIT[dBlk[k * 9 + n]];

          if(!play(stack, (k % 3) * 3 + i % 3, (k / 3 | 0) * 3 + (i / 3 | 0), n)) {
            return false;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    // if we've played at least one forced move, do a recursive call right away
    if(stack.length) {
      if(search()) {
        return true;
      }
      undo(stack);
      return false;
    }

    // otherwise, try all moves on the cell with the fewest number of moves
    while((v = ZERO[best.msk]) < 0x200) {
      col[best.x] ^= v;
      row[best.y] ^= v;
      blk[BLOCK[best.ptr]] ^= v;
      m[best.ptr] = BIT[v];
      count--;

      if(search()) {
        return true;
      }

      count++;
      m[best.ptr] = -1;
      col[best.x] ^= v;
      row[best.y] ^= v;
      blk[BLOCK[best.ptr]] ^= v;

      best.msk ^= v;
    }

    return false;
  })();

  return res ? m.map(n => n + 1).join('') : false;
}

// debugging
function dump(m) {
  let x, y, c = 81, s = '';

  for(y = 0; y < 9; y++) {
    for(x = 0; x < 9; x++) {
      s += (~m[y * 9 + x] ? (c--, m[y * 9 + x] + 1) : '-') + (x % 3 < 2 || x == 8 ? ' ' : ' | ');
    }
    s += y % 3 < 2 || y == 8 ? '\n' : '\n------+-------+------\n';
  }
  console.log(c);
  console.log(s);
}

输出示例

在2.70 GHz的Intel Core i7 7500U上进行了测试。

Python 3中（与DLX）4分钟46.870s官方评分

（此处为单核i7-3610QM）

显然可以与C之类的编译语言并利用线程打败，但这只是一个开始...

sudoku是我放置在github上的模块（在本文的页脚处复制），该模块在后台使用dlx。

#!/usr/bin/python
import argparse
import gc
import sys
from timeit import timeit

from sudoku import Solver

def getSolvers(filePath):
    solvers = []
    with open(filePath, 'r') as inFile:
        for line in inFile:
            content = line.rstrip()
            if len(content) == 81 and content.isdigit():
                solvers.append(Solver(content))
    return solvers

def solve(solvers):
    for solver in solvers:
        yield next(solver.genSolutions())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Time or print solving of some sudoku.')
    parser.add_argument('filePath',
                        help='Path to the file containing proper sudoku on their own lines as 81 digits in row-major order with 0s as blanks')
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--print', dest='printEm', action='store_true',
                        default=False,
                        help='print solutions in the same fashion as the input')
    parser.add_argument('-P', '--pretty', dest='prettyPrintEm', action='store_true',
                        default=False,
                        help='print inputs and solutions formatted for human consumption')
    args = parser.parse_args()

    if args.printEm or args.prettyPrintEm:
        solvers = getSolvers(args.filePath)
        print(len(solvers))
        for solver, solution in zip(solvers, solve(solvers)):
            if args.prettyPrintEm:
                print(solver)
                print(solution)
            else:
                print('{},{}'.format(solver.representation(noneCharacter='0'), solution.representation()))
    else:
        setup = '''\
from __main__ import getSolvers, solve, args, gc
gc.disable()
solvers = getSolvers(args.filePath)'''
        print(timeit("for solution in solve(solvers): pass", setup=setup, number=1))

用法

• 安装Python 3
• 保存sudoku.py在路径中的某个位置（从git hub链接或从下面复制）
• 将以上代码另存为testSolver.py路径中的某个位置
• 安装dlx：

python -m pip安装dlx

• 运行它（通过消耗内存的方式，就像过时一样）

用法：testSolver.py [-h] [-p] [-P] filePath

时间或打印数独的解决方案。

位置参数：
  filePath包含正确数独的文件路径
                按行优先顺序为81位，空白为0

可选参数：
  -h，--help显示此帮助消息并退出
  -p，--print打印解决方案的方式与输入相同
  -P，-漂亮的打印输入和格式供人类使用

根据需要将质询规范中要求的输出管道传输到文件：

python testSolver.py -p input_file_path> output_file_path

sudoku.py（是的，这里除了解决功能外还有其他功能）

import dlx
from itertools import permutations, takewhile
from random import choice, shuffle

'''
A 9 by 9 sudoku solver.
'''
_N = 3
_NSQ = _N**2
_NQU = _N**4
_VALID_VALUE_INTS = list(range(1, _NSQ + 1))
_VALID_VALUE_STRS = [str(v) for v in _VALID_VALUE_INTS]
_EMPTY_CELL_CHAR = '·'

# The following are mutually related by their ordering, and define ordering throughout the rest of the code. Here be dragons.
#
_CANDIDATES = [(r, c, v) for r in range(_NSQ) for c in range(_NSQ) for v in range(1, _NSQ + 1)]
_CONSTRAINT_INDEXES_FROM_CANDIDATE = lambda r, c, v: [ _NSQ * r + c, _NQU + _NSQ * r + v - 1, _NQU * 2 + _NSQ * c + v - 1, _NQU * 3 + _NSQ * (_N * (r // _N) + c // _N) + v - 1]
_CONSTRAINT_FORMATTERS =                             [ "R{0}C{1}"  , "R{0}#{1}"                , "C{0}#{1}"                   , "B{0}#{1}"]
_CONSTRAINT_NAMES = [(s.format(a, b + (e and 1)), dlx.DLX.PRIMARY) for e, s in enumerate(_CONSTRAINT_FORMATTERS) for a in range(_NSQ) for b in range(_NSQ)]
_EMPTY_GRID_CONSTRAINT_INDEXES = [_CONSTRAINT_INDEXES_FROM_CANDIDATE(r, c, v) for (r, c, v) in _CANDIDATES]
#
# The above are mutually related by their ordering, and define ordering throughout the rest of the code. Here be dragons.


class Solver:
    def __init__(self, representation=''):
        if not representation or len(representation) != _NQU:
            self._complete = False
            self._NClues = 0
            self._repr = [None]*_NQU # blank grid, no clues - maybe to extend to a generator by overriding the DLX column selection to be stochastic.
        else:
            nClues = 0
            repr = []
            for value in representation:
                if not value:
                    repr.append(None)
                elif isinstance(value, int) and 1 <= value <= _NSQ:
                    nClues += 1
                    repr.append(value)
                elif value in _VALID_VALUE_STRS:
                    nClues += 1
                    repr.append(int(value))
                else:
                    repr.append(None)
            self._complete = nClues == _NQU
            self._NClues = nClues
            self._repr = repr

    def genSolutions(self, genSudoku=True, genNone=False, dlxColumnSelctor=None):
        '''
        if genSudoku=False, generates each solution as a list of cell values (left-right, top-bottom)
        '''
        if self._complete:
            yield self
        else:
            self._initDlx()
            dlxColumnSelctor = dlxColumnSelctor or dlx.DLX.smallestColumnSelector
            if genSudoku:
                for solution in self._dlx.solve(dlxColumnSelctor):
                    yield Solver([v for (r, c, v) in sorted([self._dlx.N[i] for i in solution])])
            elif genNone:
                for solution in self._dlx.solve(dlxColumnSelctor):
                    yield
            else:
                for solution in self._dlx.solve(dlxColumnSelctor):
                    yield [v for (r, c, v) in sorted([self._dlx.N[i] for i in solution])]

    def uniqueness(self, returnSolutionIfProper=False):
        '''
        Returns: 0 if unsolvable;
                 1 (or the unique solution if returnSolutionIfProper=True) if uniquely solvable; or
                 2 if multiple possible solutions exist
        - a 'proper' sudoku is uniquely solvable.
        '''
        slns = list(takewhile(lambda t: t[0] < 2, ((i, sln) for i, sln in enumerate(self.genSolutions(genSudoku=returnSolutionIfProper, genNone=not returnSolutionIfProper)))))
        uniqueness = len(slns)
        if returnSolutionIfProper and uniqueness == 1:
            return slns[0][1]
        else:
            return uniqueness

    def representation(self, asString=True, noneCharacter='.'):
        if asString:
            return ''.join([v and str(_VALID_VALUE_STRS[v - 1]) or noneCharacter for v in self._repr])
        return self._repr[:]

    def __repr__(self):
        return display(self._repr)

    def _initDlx(self):
        self._dlx = dlx.DLX(_CONSTRAINT_NAMES)
        rowIndexes = self._dlx.appendRows(_EMPTY_GRID_CONSTRAINT_INDEXES, _CANDIDATES)
        for r in range(_NSQ):
            for c in range(_NSQ):
                v = self._repr[_NSQ * r + c]
                if v is not None:
                    self._dlx.useRow(rowIndexes[_NQU * r + _NSQ * c + v - 1])


_ROW_SEPARATOR_COMPACT = '+'.join(['-' * (2 * _N + 1) for b in range(_N)])[1:-1] + '\n'
_ROW_SEPARATOR = ' ·-' + _ROW_SEPARATOR_COMPACT[:-1] + '-·\n'
_TOP_AND_BOTTOM = _ROW_SEPARATOR.replace('+', '·')

_ROW_LABELS = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'J']
_COL_LABELS = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
_COLS_LABEL = ' ' + ' '.join([i % _N == 0 and '  ' + l or l for i, l in enumerate(_COL_LABELS)]) + '\n'


def display(representation, conversion=None, labelled=True):
    result = ''
    raw = [conversion[n or 0] for n in representation] if conversion else representation
    if labelled:
        result += _COLS_LABEL + _TOP_AND_BOTTOM
        rSep = _ROW_SEPARATOR
    else:
        rSep = _ROW_SEPARATOR_COMPACT
    for r in range(_NSQ):
        if r > 0 and r % _N == 0:
            result += rSep
        for c in range(_NSQ):
            if c % _N == 0:
                if c == 0:
                    if labelled:
                        result += _ROW_LABELS[r] + '| '
                else:
                    result += '| '
            result += str(raw[_NSQ * r + c] or _EMPTY_CELL_CHAR) + ' '
        if labelled:
            result += '|'
        result += '\n'
    if labelled:
        result += _TOP_AND_BOTTOM
    else:
        result = result[:-1]
    return result

def permute(representation):
    '''
    returns a random representation from the given representation's equivalence class
    '''
    rows = [list(representation[i:i+_NSQ]) for i in range(0, _NQU, _NSQ)]
    rows = permuteRowsAndBands(rows)
    rows = [[r[i] for r in rows] for i in range(_NSQ)]
    rows = permuteRowsAndBands(rows)
    pNumbers = [str(i) for i in range(1, _NSQ + 1)]
    shuffle(pNumbers)
    return ''.join(''.join([pNumbers[int(v) - 1] if v.isdigit() and v != '0' else v for v in r]) for r in rows)

def permuteRowsAndBands(rows):
    bandP = choice([x for x in permutations(range(_N))])
    rows = [rows[_N * b + r] for b in bandP for r in range(_N)]
    for band in range(0, _NSQ, _N):
        rowP = choice([x for x in permutations([band + i for i in range(_N)])])
        rows = [rows[rowP[i % _N]] if i // _N == band else rows[i] for i in range(_NSQ)]
    return rows


def getRandomSolvedStateRepresentation():
    return permute('126459783453786129789123456897231564231564897564897231312645978645978312978312645')


def getRandomSudoku():
    r = getRandomSolvedStateRepresentation()
    s = Solver(r)
    indices = list(range(len(r)))
    shuffle(indices)
    for i in indices:
        ns = Solver(s._repr[:i] + [None] + s._repr[i+1:])
        if ns.uniqueness() == 1:
            s = ns
    return s


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print('Some example useage:')
    inputRepresentation = '..3......4......2..8.12...6.........2...6...7...8.7.31.1.64.9..6.5..8...9.83...4.'
    print('>>> s = Solver({})'.format(inputRepresentation))
    s = Solver(inputRepresentation)
    print('>>> s')
    print(s)
    print('>>> print(s.representation())')
    print(s.representation())
    print('>>> print(display(s.representation(), labelled=False))')
    print(display(s.representation(), labelled=False))
    print('>>> for solution in s.genSolutions(): solution')
    for solution in s.genSolutions(): print(solution)
    inputRepresentation2 = inputRepresentation[:2] + '.' + inputRepresentation[3:]
    print('>>> s.uniqueness()')
    print(s.uniqueness())
    print('>>> s2 = Solver({})  # removed a clue; this has six solutions rather than one'.format(inputRepresentation2))
    s2 = Solver(inputRepresentation2)
    print('>>> s2.uniqueness()')
    print(s2.uniqueness())
    print('>>> for solution in s2.genSolutions(): solution')
    for solution in s2.genSolutions(): print(solution)
    print('>>> s3 = getRandomSudoku()')
    s3 = getRandomSudoku()
    print('>>> s3')
    print(s3)
    print('>>> for solution in s3.genSolutions(): solution')
    for solution in s3.genSolutions(): print(solution)

Python的3 + Z3 - 10分钟45.657s官方评分

在我的笔记本电脑上大约1000秒钟。

import time
start = time.time()

import z3.z3 as z3
import itertools
import datetime
import sys

solver = z3.Solver()
ceils = [[None] * 9 for i in range(9)]

for row in range(9):
    for col in range(9):
        name = 'c' + str(row * 9 + col)
        ceil = z3.BitVec(name, 9)
        solver.add(z3.Or(
            ceil == 0b000000001,
            ceil == 0b000000010,
            ceil == 0b000000100,
            ceil == 0b000001000,
            ceil == 0b000010000,
            ceil == 0b000100000,
            ceil == 0b001000000,
            ceil == 0b010000000,
            ceil == 0b100000000
        ))
        solver.add(ceil != 0)
        ceils[row][col] = ceil
for i in range(9):
    for j in range(9):
        for k in range(9):
            if j == k: continue
            solver.add(ceils[i][j] & ceils[i][k] == 0)
            solver.add(ceils[j][i] & ceils[k][i] == 0)
            row, col = i // 3 * 3, i % 3 * 3
            solver.add(ceils[row + j // 3][col + j % 3] & ceils[row + k // 3][col + k % 3] == 0)

row_col = list(itertools.product(range(9), range(9)))
lookup = { 1 << i: str(i + 1) for i in range(9) }

def solve(line):
    global solver, output, row_col, ceils, lookup
    solver.push()
    for value, (row, col) in zip(line, row_col):
        val = ord(value) - 48
        if val == 0: continue
        solver.add(ceils[row][col] == 1 << (val - 1))

    output = []
    if solver.check() == z3.sat:
        model = solver.model()
        for row in range(9):
            for col in range(9):
                val = model[ceils[row][col]].as_long()
                output.append(lookup[val])
    solver.pop()

    return ''.join(output)

count = int(input())
print(count)
for i in range(count):
    if i % 1000 == 0:
        sys.stderr.write(str(i) + '\n')
    line = input()
    print(line + "," + solve(line))
end = time.time()

sys.stderr.write(str(end - start))

安装依赖

点安装z3-solver

跑

python3 resolve.py <in.txt> out.txt

我不确定如何改善其性能，因为它只是神奇地解决了...

C- 2.228s 1.690s官方成绩

基于@Arnauld的

#include<fcntl.h>
#define O const
#define R return
#define S static
#define  $(x,y...)if(x){y;}
#define  W(x,y...)while(x){y;}
#define fi(x,y...)for(I i=0,_n=(x);i<_n;i++){y;}
#define fj(x,y...)for(I j=0,_n=(x);j<_n;j++){y;}
#define fp81(x...)for(I p=0;p<81;p++){x;}
#define  fq3(x...)for(I q=0;q<3;q++){x;}
#define fij9(x...){fi(9,fj(9,x))}
#define m0(x)m0_((V*)(x),sizeof(x));
#define popc(x)__builtin_popcount(x)
#define ctz(x)__builtin_ctz(x)
#include<sys/syscall.h>
#define sc(f,x...)({L u;asm volatile("syscall":"=a"(u):"0"(SYS_##f)x:"cc","rcx","r11","memory");u;})
#define sc1(f,x)    sc(f,,"D"(x))
#define sc2(f,x,y)  sc(f,,"D"(x),"S"(y))
#define sc3(f,x,y,z)sc(f,,"D"(x),"S"(y),"d"(z))
#define wr(a...)sc3(write,a)
#define op(a...)sc3( open,a)
#define cl(a...)sc1(close,a)
#define fs(a...)sc2(fstat,a)
#define ex(a...)sc1( exit,a)
#define mm(x,y,z,t,u,v)({register L r10 asm("r10")=t,r8 asm("r8")=u,r9 asm("r9")=v;\
                         (V*)sc(mmap,,"D"(x),"S"(y),"d"(z),"r"(r10),"r"(r8),"r"(r9));})
typedef void V;typedef char C;typedef short H;typedef int I;typedef long long L;
S C BL[81],KL[81],IJK[81][3],m[81],t_[81-17],*t;S H rcb[3][9],cnt;
S V*mc(V*x,O V*y,L n){C*p=x;O C*q=y;fi(n,*p++=*q++)R x;}S V m0_(C*p,L n){fi(n,*p++=0);}
S I undo(C*t0){cnt+=t-t0;W(t>t0,C p=*--t;H v=1<<m[p];fq3(rcb[q][IJK[p][q]]^=v)m[p]=-1)R 0;}
S I play(C p,H v){$(m[p]>=0,R 1<<m[p]==v)I w=0;fq3(w|=rcb[q][IJK[p][q]])$(w&v,R 0)cnt--;
                  fq3(rcb[q][IJK[p][q]]^=v);m[p]=ctz(v);*t++=p;R 1;}
S I f(){$(!cnt,R 1)C*t0=t;H max=0,bp,bv,d[9][9][4];m0(d);
 fij9(I p=i*9+j;$(m[p]<0,
  I v=0;fq3(v|=rcb[q][IJK[p][q]])I w=v^511;$(!w,R 0)H g[]={1<<j,1<<i,1<<BL[p]};
  do{I z=ctz(w);w&=w-1;fq3(d[IJK[p][q]][z][q]|=g[q]);}while(w);
  I n=popc(v);$(max<n,max=n;bp=p;bv=v)))
 fij9(I u=d[i][j][0];$(popc(u)==1,I l=ctz(u);$(!play(   i*9+l ,1<<j),R undo(t0)))
        u=d[i][j][1];$(popc(u)==1,I l=ctz(u);$(!play(   l*9+i ,1<<j),R undo(t0)))
        u=d[i][j][2];$(popc(u)==1,I l=ctz(u);$(!play(KL[i*9+l],1<<j),R undo(t0))))
 $(t-t0,R f()||undo(t0))
 W(1,I v=1<<ctz(~bv);$(v>511,R 0)fq3(rcb[q][IJK[bp][q]]^=v)m[bp]=ctz(v);cnt--;$(f(),R 1)
     cnt++;m[bp]=-1;fq3(rcb[q][IJK[bp][q]]^=v)bv^=v)
 R 0;}
asm(".globl _start\n_start:pop %rdi\nmov %rsp,%rsi\njmp main");
V main(I ac,C**av){$(ac!=2,ex(2))
 fij9(I p=i*9+j;BL[p]=i%3*3+j%3;KL[p]=(i/3*3+j/3)*9+BL[p];IJK[p][0]=i;IJK[p][1]=j;IJK[p][2]=i/3*3+j/3)
 I d=op(av[1],0,0);struct stat h;fs(d,&h);C*s0=mm(0,h.st_size,1,0x8002,d,0),*s=s0;cl(d); //in
 C*r0=mm(0,2*h.st_size,3,0x22,-1,0),*r=r0; //out
 I n=0;W(*s!='\n',n*=10;n+=*s++-'0')s++;mc(r,s0,s-s0);r+=s-s0;
 fi(n,m0(rcb);cnt=81;t=t_;$(s[81]&&s[81]!='\n',ex(3))mc(r,s,81);r+=81;*r++=',';
      fp81(I v=m[p]=*s++-'1';$(v>=0,v=1<<v;fq3(rcb[q][IJK[p][q]]|=v)cnt--))
      s++;$(!f(),ex(4))fp81(r[p]=m[p]+'1')r+=81;*r++='\n')
 wr(1,r0,r-r0);ex(0);}

编译并运行：

gcc -O3 -march=native -nostdlib -ffreestanding
time ./a.out all_17_clue_sudokus.txt | md5sum

C-12分28.374s官方得分

在我的i5-7200U上运行约30m 15m，并产生正确的md5哈希

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<sys/time.h>
#define B break
#define O const
#define P printf
#define R return
#define S static
#define $(x,y...)  if(x){y;}
#define E(x...)    else{x;}
#define W(x,y...)  while(x){y;}
#define fi(x,y...) for(I i=0,_n=(x);i<_n;i++){y;}
#define fj(x,y...) for(I j=0,_n=(x);j<_n;j++){y;}
typedef void V;typedef char C;typedef short H;typedef int I;typedef long long L;
S C h[81][20]; //h[i][0],h[i][1],..,h[i][19] are the squares that clash with square i
S H a[81]      //a[i]: bitmask of possible choices; initially one of 1<<0, 1<<1 .. 1<<8, or 511 (i.e. nine bits set)
   ,b[81];     //b[i]: negated bitmask of impossible chioces; once we know square i has value v, b[i] becomes ~(1<<v)
S I f(){ //f:recursive solver
 I p=-1; //keep track of the popcount (number of 1 bits) in a
 W(1,I q=0;                                         //simple non-recursive deductions:
     fi(81,fj(20,a[i]&=b[h[i][j]])                  // a[i] must not share bits with its clashing squares
           $(!(a[i]&a[i]-1),$(!a[i],R 0)b[i]=~a[i]) // if a[i] has one bit left, update b[i].  if a[i]=0, we have a contradiction
           q+=__builtin_popcount(a[i]))             // compute new popcount
     $(p==q,B)p=q;)                                 // if the popcount of a[] changed, try to do more deductions
 I k=-1,mc=10;fi(81,$(b[i]==-1,I c=__builtin_popcount(a[i]);$(c<mc,k=i;mc=c;$(c==2,B)))) //find square with fewest options left
 $(k==-1,R 1) //if there isn't any such, we're done - success! otherwise k is that square
 fi(9,$(a[k]&1<<i,H a0[81],b0[81];                                        //try different values for square k
                  memcpy(a0,a,81*sizeof(*a));memcpy(b0,b,81*sizeof(*b));  // save a and b
                  a[k]=1<<i;b[k]=~a[k];$(f(),R 1)                         // set square k and make a recursive call
                  memcpy(a,a0,81*sizeof(*a));memcpy(b,b0,81*sizeof(*b)))) // restore a and b
 R 0;}
S L tm(){struct timeval t;gettimeofday(&t,0);R t.tv_sec*1000000+t.tv_usec;} //current time in microseconds
I main(){L t=0;I n;scanf("%d",&n);P("%d\n",n);
 fi(81,L l=0;fj(81,$(i!=j&&(i%9==j%9||i/9==j/9||(i/27==j/27&&i%9/3==j%9/3)),h[i][l++]=j))) //precompute h
 fi(n,S C s[82];scanf("%s",s);printf("%s,",s);                        //i/o and loop over puzzles
      fj(81,a[j]=s[j]=='0'?511:1<<(s[j]-'1');b[j]=s[j]=='0'?-1:~a[j]) //represent '1' .. '9' as 1<<0 .. 1<<8, and 0 as 511
      t-=tm();I r=f();t+=tm();                                        //measure time only for the solving function
      $(!r,P("can't solve\n");exit(1))                                //shouldn't happen
      fj(81,s[j]=a[j]&a[j]-1?'0':'1'+__builtin_ctz(a[j]))             //1<<0 .. 1<<8 to '1' .. '9'
      P("%s\n",s))                                                    //output
 fflush(stdout);dprintf(2,"time:%lld microseconds\n",t);R 0;}         //print self-measured time to stderr so it doesn't affect stdout's md5

编译（最好使用clang v6）并运行：

clang -O3 -march=native a.c
time ./a.out <all_17_clue_sudokus.txt | tee o.txt | nl
md5sum o.txt

Java-4.056秒官方成绩

其主要思想是从不分配不需要的内存。唯一的例外是原语，无论如何应由编译器对其进行优化。其他所有内容都存储为每个步骤中完成的掩码和操作数组，可以在递归步骤完成时撤消。

几乎所有数独游戏中的一半都可以完全解决而无需回溯，但是如果我将该数字提高得更多，则总体时间似乎会变慢。我打算用C ++重写它并进一步优化，但此求解器正变得庞然大物。

我想实现尽可能多的缓存，这会导致一些问题。例如，如果在同一行上有两个只能具有数字6的单元格，那么我们已经达到了不可能的情况，应该返回回溯。但是，由于我一次计算了所有选项，然后只将数字放在一个单元格中，所以我没有再次检查是否已经在同一行中放置了一个数字。这导致不可能的解决方案。

一切都包含在顶部定义的数组中，实际求解器的内存使用量约为216kB。内存使用的主要部分来自包含所有难题的数组以及Java中的I / O处理程序。

编辑：我有一个现在可以翻译成C ++的版本，但是速度不是很快。官方时间约为3.5秒，这并不是一个很大的进步。我认为实现的主要问题是将掩码保留为数组而不是位掩码。我将尝试分析Arnauld的解决方案，以了解如何进行改进。

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

public class Sudoku {   

    final private int[] unsolvedBoard;
    final private int[] solvedBoard; 
    final private int[][] neighbors;
    final private int[][] cells;

    private static int[] clues;
    final private int[][] mask;
    final private int[] formattedMask;
    final private int[][] placedMask;
    final private boolean[][][] lineMask;
    final private int[] lineCounters;
    final private int[][] sectionCounters;
    final private int[][] sectionMask;

    private int easySolved;
    private boolean isEasy;
    private int totEasy;
    private int placedNumbers;
    public long totTime = 0;
    private boolean solutionFound;
    public long lastPrint;
    private boolean shouldPrint;
    private boolean isImpossible = false;

    public Sudoku() {
        mask = new int[81][9];
        formattedMask = new int[81];
        placedMask = new int[64][64];
        lineMask = new boolean[64][81][9];
        sectionCounters = new int[9][27];
        sectionMask = new int[9][27];
        lineCounters = new int[64];
        neighbors = new int[81][20];
        unsolvedBoard = new int[81];
        solvedBoard = new int[81];
        cells = new int[][] {{0 ,1 ,2 ,9 ,10,11,18,19,20},
                             {3 ,4 ,5 ,12,13,14,21,22,23},
                             {6 ,7 ,8 ,15,16,17,24,25,26},
                             {27,28,29,36,37,38,45,46,47},
                             {30,31,32,39,40,41,48,49,50},
                             {33,34,35,42,43,44,51,52,53},
                             {54,55,56,63,64,65,72,73,74},
                             {57,58,59,66,67,68,75,76,77},
                             {60,61,62,69,70,71,78,79,80}};
    }

    final public long solveSudoku(int[] board, int clue) {

        long t1 = 0,t2 = 0;
        t1 = System.nanoTime();
        System.arraycopy(board, 0, unsolvedBoard, 0, 81);
        System.arraycopy(board, 0, solvedBoard, 0, 81);

        placedNumbers = 0;
        solutionFound = false;
        isEasy = true;
        isImpossible = false;

        for (int[] i : mask) {
            Arrays.fill(i, 0);
        }

        for (boolean[][] i : lineMask) {
            for (boolean[] j : i) {
                Arrays.fill(j, false);
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            if (solvedBoard[i] != -1) {
                put(i, solvedBoard[i]);
                placedNumbers++;
            }
        }

        solve(0, 0);
        t2 = System.nanoTime();
        easySolved += isEasy ? 1 : 0;

        if (solutionFound && placedNumbers == 81) {
            totTime += t2-t1;
            if (shouldPrint || t2-t1 > 5*1_000_000_000L) {
                System.out.print(String.format(
                    "Solution from %2d clues found in %7s", 
                    clue, 
                    printTime(t1, t2)
                ));
                shouldPrint = false;
                if (t2-t1 > 1*1000_000_000L) {
                    System.out.println();
                    display2(board, solvedBoard);
                }
            }
        } else {
            System.out.println("No solution");
            display2(unsolvedBoard, solvedBoard);
            return -1;
        }
        return t2 - t1;
    }

    final private void solve(int v, int vIndex) {

        lineCounters[vIndex] = 0;
        int easyIndex = placeEasy(vIndex);

        if (isImpossible) {
            resetEasy(vIndex, easyIndex);
            resetLineMask(vIndex);
            return;
        }

        if (placedNumbers == 81) {
            solutionFound = true;
            return;
        }
        // if (true) {
            // return;
        // }

        // either get the next empty cell
        // while (v < 81 && solvedBoard[v] >= 0) {
            // v++;
        // }
        // or get the cell with the fewest options
        generateFormattedMasks();
        int minOptions = 9;
        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            int options = formattedMask[i] & 0xffff;
            if (options > 0 && options < minOptions) {
                minOptions = options;
                v = i;
            }
            if (options == 0 && solvedBoard[i] == -1) {
                isImpossible = true;
            }
        }
        if (!isImpossible) {
            for (int c = 0; c < 9; c++) {
                if (isPossible(v, c)) {
                    isEasy = false;
                    put(v, c);
                    placedNumbers++;
                    solve(v + 1, vIndex + 1); 
                    if (solutionFound) {
                        return;
                    }
                    unput(v, c);
                    placedNumbers--;
                }
            }
        }
        resetEasy(vIndex, easyIndex);
        resetLineMask(vIndex);
    }

    final private void resetEasy(int vIndex, int easyIndex) {
        for (int i = 0; i < easyIndex; i++) {
            int tempv2 = placedMask[vIndex][i];
            int c2 = solvedBoard[tempv2];
            unput(tempv2, c2);
            placedNumbers--;
        }
    }

    final private void resetLineMask(int vIndex) {
        if (lineCounters[vIndex] > 0) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
                for (int c = 0; c < 9; c++) {
                    if (lineMask[vIndex][i][c]) {
                        enable(i, c);
                        lineMask[vIndex][i][c] = false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }       
        isImpossible = false;
    }

    final private int placeEasy(int vIndex) {
        int easyIndex = 0;
        int lastPlaced = 0, tempPlaced = 0, easyplaced = 0;
        int iter = 0;
        while (placedNumbers > lastPlaced+1) {
            lastPlaced = placedNumbers;
            tempPlaced = 0;
            while (placedNumbers > tempPlaced + 5) {
                tempPlaced = placedNumbers;
                easyIndex = placeNakedSingles(vIndex, easyIndex);
                if (isImpossible) {
                    return easyIndex;
                }
            }

            tempPlaced = 0;
            while (placedNumbers < 55*1 && placedNumbers > tempPlaced + 2) {
                tempPlaced = placedNumbers;
                easyIndex = placeHiddenSingles(vIndex, easyIndex);
                if (isImpossible) {
                    return easyIndex;
                }
            }

            tempPlaced = 0;
            while (placedNumbers < 65*1 && placedNumbers > tempPlaced + 1) {
                tempPlaced = placedNumbers;
                easyIndex = placeNakedSingles(vIndex, easyIndex);
                if (isImpossible) {
                    return easyIndex;
                }
            }

            if (iter < 2 && placedNumbers < 55*1) {
                checkNakedTriples(vIndex);
            }
            if (placedNumbers < 45*1) {
                checkNakedDoubles(vIndex);
                identifyLines(vIndex);
            }
            iter++;
        }
        return easyIndex;
    }

    final private int placeNakedSingles(int vIndex, int easyIndex) {
        generateFormattedMasks();
        for (int tempv = 0; tempv < 81; tempv++) {
            int possibilities = formattedMask[tempv];
            if ((possibilities & 0xffff) == 1) {
                possibilities >>= 16;
                int c = 0;
                while ((possibilities & 1) == 0) {
                    possibilities >>= 1;
                    c++;
                }
                if (isPossible(tempv, c)) {
                    put(tempv, c);
                    placedMask[vIndex][easyIndex++] = tempv;
                    placedNumbers++;
                } else {
                    isImpossible = true;
                    return easyIndex;
                }
            } else if (possibilities == 0 && solvedBoard[tempv] == -1) {
                isImpossible = true;
                return easyIndex;
            }
        }
        return easyIndex;
    }


    final private int placeHiddenSingles(int vIndex, int easyIndex) {
        for (int[] i : sectionCounters) {
            Arrays.fill(i, 0);
        }

        for (int c = 0; c < 9; c++) {
            for (int v = 0; v < 81; v++) {
                if (isPossible(v, c)) {
                    int cell = 3 * (v / 27) + ((v / 3) % 3);
                    sectionCounters[c][v / 9]++;
                    sectionCounters[c][9 + (v % 9)]++;
                    sectionCounters[c][18 + cell]++;
                    sectionMask[c][v / 9] = v;
                    sectionMask[c][9 + (v % 9)] = v;
                    sectionMask[c][18 + cell] = v;
                }
            }

            int v;

            for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
                if (sectionCounters[c][i] == 1) {
                    v = sectionMask[c][i];
                    if (isPossible(v, c)) {
                        put(v, c);
                        placedMask[vIndex][easyIndex++] = v;
                        placedNumbers++;
                        int cell = 3 * (v / 27) + ((v / 3) % 3);
                        sectionCounters[c][9 + (v%9)] = 9;
                        sectionCounters[c][18 + cell] = 9;
                    } else {
                        isImpossible = true;
                        return easyIndex;
                    }
                }
            }

            for (int i = 9; i < 18; i++) {
                if (sectionCounters[c][i] == 1) {
                    v = sectionMask[c][i];
                    if (isPossible(v, c)) {
                        put(v, c);
                        placedMask[vIndex][easyIndex++] = v;
                        int cell = 3 * (v / 27) + ((v / 3) % 3);
                        placedNumbers++;
                        sectionCounters[c][18 + cell]++;
                    } else {
                        isImpossible = true;
                        return easyIndex;
                    }
                }
            }


            for (int i = 18; i < 27; i++) {
                if (sectionCounters[c][i] == 1) {
                    v = sectionMask[c][i];
                    if (isPossible(v, c)) {
                        put(v, c);
                        placedMask[vIndex][easyIndex++] = v;
                        placedNumbers++;
                    } else {
                        isImpossible = true;
                        return easyIndex;
                    }
                }
            }

        }
        return easyIndex;
    }

    final private int getFormattedMask(int v) {
        if (solvedBoard[v] >= 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        int x = 0;
        int y = 0;
        for (int c = 8; c >= 0; c--) {
            x <<= 1;
            x += mask[v][c] == 0 ? 1 : 0;
            y += mask[v][c] == 0 ? 1 : 0;
        }
        x <<= 16;
        return x + y;
    }

    final private int getCachedMask(int v) {
        return formattedMask[v];
    }

    final private void generateFormattedMasks() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            formattedMask[i] = getFormattedMask(i);
        }
    }

    final private void generateFormattedMasks(int[] idxs) {
        for (int i : idxs) {
            formattedMask[i] = getFormattedMask(i);
        }
    }


    final private void checkNakedDoubles(int vIndex) {
        generateFormattedMasks();
        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            int bitmask = formattedMask[i];
            if ((bitmask & 0xffff) == 2) {
                for (int j = i+1; j < (i/9+1)*9; j++) {
                    int bitmask_j = formattedMask[j];
                    if (bitmask == bitmask_j) {
                        bitmask >>= 16;
                        int c0, c1, k = 0;
                        while ((bitmask & 1) == 0) {
                            k++;
                            bitmask >>= 1;
                        }
                        c0 = k;
                        bitmask >>= 1;
                        k++;
                        while ((bitmask & 1) == 0) {
                            k++;
                            bitmask >>= 1;
                        }
                        c1 = k;
                        for (int cell = (i/9)*9; cell < (i/9+1)*9; cell++) {
                            if (cell != i && cell != j) {
                                if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0]) {
                                    disable(cell, c0);
                                    lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0] = true;
                                    lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                }
                                if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1]) {
                                    disable(cell, c1);
                                    lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1] = true;
                                    lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for (int idx = 0; idx < 81; idx++) {
            int i = (idx%9)*9 + idx/9;
            int bitmask = formattedMask[i];
            if ((bitmask & 0xffff) == 2) {
                for (int j = i+9; j < 81; j += 9) {
                    int bitmask_j = formattedMask[j];
                    if (bitmask == bitmask_j) {
                        bitmask >>= 16;
                        int c0, c1, k = 0;
                        while ((bitmask & 1) == 0) {
                            k++;
                            bitmask >>= 1;
                        }
                        c0 = k;
                        bitmask >>= 1;
                        k++;
                        while ((bitmask & 1) == 0) {
                            k++;
                            bitmask >>= 1;
                        }
                        c1 = k;
                        for (int cell = i % 9; cell < 81; cell += 9) {
                            if (cell != i && cell != j) {
                                if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0]) {
                                    disable(cell, c0);
                                    lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0] = true;
                                    lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                }
                                if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1]) {
                                    disable(cell, c1);
                                    lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1] = true;
                                    lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for (int idx = 0; idx < 9; idx++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
                int bitmask = formattedMask[cells[idx][i]];
                if ((bitmask & 0xffff) == 2) {
                    for (int j = i+1; j < 9; j++) {
                        int bitmask_j = formattedMask[cells[idx][j]];
                        if (bitmask == bitmask_j) {
                            bitmask >>= 16;
                            int c0, c1, k = 0;
                            while ((bitmask & 1) == 0) {
                                k++;
                                bitmask >>= 1;
                            }
                            c0 = k;
                            bitmask >>= 1;
                            k++;
                            while ((bitmask & 1) == 0) {
                                k++;
                                bitmask >>= 1;
                            }
                            c1 = k;
                            for (int cellIdx = 0; cellIdx < 9; cellIdx++) {
                                if (cellIdx != i && cellIdx != j) {
                                    int cell = cells[idx][cellIdx];
                                    if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0]) {
                                        disable(cell, c0);
                                        lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0] = true;
                                        lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                    }
                                    if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1]) {
                                        disable(cell, c1);
                                        lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1] = true;
                                        lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    final private void checkNakedTriples(int vIndex) {

        generateFormattedMasks();

        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            int bitmask = formattedMask[i];
            if ((bitmask & 0xffff) == 3) {
                for (int j = i+1; j < (i/9+1)*9; j++) {
                    int bitmask_j = formattedMask[j];
                    if (bitmask_j > 0 && bitmask == (bitmask | bitmask_j)) {
                        for (int k = j+1; k < (i/9+1)*9; k++) {
                            int bitmask_k = formattedMask[k];
                            if (bitmask_k > 0 && bitmask == (bitmask | bitmask_k)) {

                                int bitmask_shifted = bitmask >> 16;
                                int c0, c1, c2, l = 0;
                                while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                    l++;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                }
                                c0 = l;
                                bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                l++;
                                while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                    l++;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                }
                                c1 = l;
                                bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                l++;
                                while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                    l++;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                }
                                c2 = l;
                                for (int cell = (i/9)*9; cell < (i/9+1)*9; cell++) {
                                    if (cell != i && cell != j && cell != k) {
                                        if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0]) {
                                            disable(cell, c0);
                                            lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0] = true;
                                            lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                        }
                                        if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1]) {
                                            disable(cell, c1);
                                            lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1] = true;
                                            lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                        }
                                        if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c2]) {
                                            disable(cell, c2);
                                            lineMask[vIndex][cell][c2] = true;
                                            lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for (int idx = 0; idx < 81; idx++) {
            int i = (idx%9)*9 + idx/9;
            int bitmask = formattedMask[i];
            if ((bitmask & 0xffff) == 3) {
                for (int j = i+9; j < 81; j += 9) {
                    int bitmask_j = formattedMask[j];
                    if (bitmask_j > 0 && bitmask == (bitmask | bitmask_j)) {
                        for (int k = j+9; k < 81; k += 9) {
                            int bitmask_k = formattedMask[k];
                            if (bitmask_k > 0 && bitmask == (bitmask | bitmask_k)) {

                                int bitmask_shifted = bitmask >> 16;
                                int c0, c1, c2, l = 0;
                                while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                    l++;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                }
                                c0 = l;
                                bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                l++;
                                while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                    l++;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                }
                                c1 = l;
                                bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                l++;
                                while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                    l++;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                }
                                c2 = l;
                                for (int cell = i%9; cell < 81; cell += 9) {
                                    if (cell != i && cell != j && cell != k) {
                                        if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0]) {
                                            disable(cell, c0);
                                            lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0] = true;
                                            lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                        }
                                        if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1]) {
                                            disable(cell, c1);
                                            lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1] = true;
                                            lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                        }
                                        if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c2]) {
                                            disable(cell, c2);
                                            lineMask[vIndex][cell][c2] = true;
                                            lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        for (int idx = 0; idx < 9; idx++) {
            for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
                int bitmask = formattedMask[cells[idx][i]];
                if ((bitmask & 0xffff) == 3) {
                    for (int j = i+1; j < 9; j++) {
                        int bitmask_j = formattedMask[cells[idx][j]];
                        if (bitmask_j > 0 && bitmask == (bitmask | bitmask_j)) {
                            for (int k = j+1; k < 9; k++) {
                                int bitmask_k = formattedMask[cells[idx][k]];
                                if (bitmask_k > 0 && bitmask == (bitmask | bitmask_k)) {

                                    int bitmask_shifted = bitmask >> 16;
                                    int c0, c1, c2, l = 0;
                                    while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                        l++;
                                        bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                    }
                                    c0 = l;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                    l++;
                                    while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                        l++;
                                        bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                    }
                                    c1 = l;
                                    bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                    l++;
                                    while ((bitmask_shifted & 1) == 0) {
                                        l++;
                                        bitmask_shifted >>= 1;
                                    }
                                    c2 = l;
                                    for (int cellIdx = 0; cellIdx < 9; cellIdx++) {
                                        if (cellIdx != i && cellIdx != j && cellIdx != k) {
                                            int cell = cells[idx][cellIdx];
                                            if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0]) {
                                                disable(cell, c0);
                                                lineMask[vIndex][cell][c0] = true;
                                                lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                            }
                                            if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1]) {
                                                disable(cell, c1);
                                                lineMask[vIndex][cell][c1] = true;
                                                lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                            }
                                            if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c2]) {
                                                disable(cell, c2);
                                                lineMask[vIndex][cell][c2] = true;
                                                lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

    }

    final private void identifyLines(int vIndex) {

        int disabledLines = 0;
        int[][] tempRowMask = new int[3][9];
        int[][] tempColMask = new int[3][9];
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            for (int c = 0; c < 9; c++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
                    tempRowMask[j][c] = 0;
                    tempColMask[j][c] = 0;
                }
                for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
                    if (mask[cells[i][j]][c] == 0) {
                        tempRowMask[j/3][c]++;
                        tempColMask[j%3][c]++;
                    }
                }

                int rowCount = 0;
                int colCount = 0;
                int rowIdx = -1, colIdx = -1;
                for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
                    if (tempRowMask[j][c] > 0) {
                        rowCount++;
                        rowIdx = j;
                    }
                    if (tempColMask[j][c] > 0) {
                        colCount++;
                        colIdx = j;
                    }
                }
                if (rowCount == 1) {
                    for (int j = (i/3)*3; j < (i/3 + 1)*3; j++) {
                        if (j != i) {
                            for (int k = rowIdx*3; k < (rowIdx+1)*3; k++) {
                                int cell = cells[j][k];
                                if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c]) {
                                    disable(cell, c);
                                    lineMask[vIndex][cell][c] = true;
                                    lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }

                }
                if (colCount == 1) {
                    for (int j = i % 3; j < 9; j += 3) {
                        if (j != i) {
                            for (int k = colIdx; k < 9; k += 3) {
                                int cell = cells[j][k];
                                if (!lineMask[vIndex][cell][c]) {
                                    disable(cell, c);
                                    lineMask[vIndex][cell][c] = true;
                                    lineCounters[vIndex]++;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    final private boolean isPossible(int v, int c) {
        return mask[v][c] == 0;
    }

    final private int checkMask(int[][] neighbors, int v, int c) {
        int tempValue = 0;
        for (int n : neighbors[v]) {
            if (mask[n][c] > 0) {
                tempValue++;
            }
        }
        return tempValue;
    }

    final private void put(int v, int c) {
        solvedBoard[v] = c;
        for (int i : neighbors[v]) {
            mask[i][c]++;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            mask[v][i]++;
        }
    }

    final private void disable(int v, int c) {
        mask[v][c]++;
    }

    final private void unput(int v, int c) {
        solvedBoard[v] = -1;
        for (int i : neighbors[v]) {
            mask[i][c]--;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            mask[v][i]--;
        }       
    }

    final private void enable(int v, int c) {
        // enables++;
        mask[v][c]--;
    }

    public String getString(int[] board) {
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i : board) {
            s.append(i+1);
        }
        return s.toString();
    }

    public long getTime() {
        return totTime;
    }

    public static String printTime(long t1, long t2) {
        String unit = " ns";
        if (t2-t1 > 10000) {
            unit = " us";
            t1 /= 1000; t2 /= 1000;
        }
        if (t2-t1 > 10000) {
            unit = " ms";
            t1 /= 1000; t2 /= 1000;
        }
        if (t2-t1 > 10000) {
            unit = " seconds";
            t1 /= 1000; t2 /= 1000;
        }
        return (t2-t1) + unit;
    }

    public void display(int[] board) {

        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            if (i % 3 == 0) {
                System.out.println("+-----+-----+-----+");
            }
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
                if (j % 3 == 0) {
                    System.out.print("|");
                } else {
                    System.out.print(" ");
                }
                if (board[i*9+j] != -1) {
                    System.out.print(board[i*9+j]+1);
                } else {
                    System.out.print(" ");
                }
            }
            System.out.println("|");
        }
        System.out.println("+-----+-----+-----+");
    }

    public void display2(int[] board, int[] solved) {

        for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
            if (i % 3 == 0) {
                System.out.println("+-----+-----+-----+  +-----+-----+-----+");
            }
            for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
                if (j % 3 == 0) {
                    System.out.print("|");
                } else {
                    System.out.print(" ");
                }
                if (board[i*9+j] != -1) {
                    System.out.print(board[i*9+j]+1);
                } else {
                    System.out.print(" ");
                }
            }

            System.out.print("|  ");

            for (int j = 0; j < 9; j++) {
                if (j % 3 == 0) {
                    System.out.print("|");
                } else {
                    System.out.print(" ");
                }
                if (solved[i*9+j] != -1) {
                    System.out.print(solved[i*9+j]+1);
                } else {
                    System.out.print(" ");
                }
            }

            System.out.println("|");
        }
        System.out.println("+-----+-----+-----+  +-----+-----+-----+");
    }

    private boolean contains(int[] a, int v) {
        for (int i : a) {
            if (i == v) {
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    public void connect() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < 20; j++) {
                neighbors[i][j] = -1;
            }
        }
        int[] n_count = new int[81];

        HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>> map 
            = new HashMap<Integer,ArrayList<Integer>>();

        for (int[] c: cells) {
            ArrayList<Integer> temp = new ArrayList<Integer>();
            for (int v : c) {
                temp.add(v);
            }
            for (int v : c) {
                map.put(v,temp);
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < 81; i++) {
            for (int j = (i/9)*9; j < (i/9)*9 + 9; j++) {
                if (i != j) {
                    neighbors[i][n_count[i]++] = j;
                }
            }
            for (int j = i%9; j < 81; j += 9) {
                if (i != j) {
                    neighbors[i][n_count[i]++] = j;
                }
            }
            for (int j : map.get(i)) {
                if (i != j) {
                    if (!contains(neighbors[i], j)) {
                        neighbors[i][n_count[i]++] = j;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static int[][] getInput(String filename) {
        int[][] boards;
        try (BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(
            new FileInputStream(filename))) {

            BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(
                new InputStreamReader(in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            int n = Integer.valueOf(r.readLine());
            boards = new int[n][81];
            clues = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < 81; j++) {
                    int x = r.read();
                    boards[i][j] = x - 49;
                    clues[i] += x > 48 ? 1 : 0;
                }
                r.read();
            }
            r.close();
        } catch (IOException ex) {
            throw new RuntimeException(ex);
        }
        return boards;
    }

    private int getTotEasy() {
        return totEasy;
    }

    public String getSolution() {
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder(256);
        for (int i : unsolvedBoard) {
            s.append(i+1);
        }
        s.append(",");
        for (int i : solvedBoard) {
            s.append(i+1);
        }
        return s.toString();
    }

    public static void main (String[] args) {
        long t0 = System.nanoTime();
        Sudoku gc = new Sudoku();
        File f;
        PrintWriter p;
        try {
            f = new File("sudoku_output.txt");
            p = new PrintWriter(f);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return;
        }
        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.out.println("Usage: java Sudoku <input_file>");
            return;
        }
        int[][] boards = gc.getInput(args[0]);
        long tinp = System.nanoTime();
        gc.connect();
        long t1 = System.nanoTime();
        p.println(boards.length);

        long maxSolveTime = 0;
        int maxSolveIndex = 0;
        long[] solveTimes = new long[boards.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < boards.length; i++) {
            long tempTime = System.nanoTime();
            if (tempTime - gc.lastPrint > 200_000_000 
                || i == boards.length - 1) {

                gc.shouldPrint = true;
                gc.lastPrint = tempTime;
                System.out.print(String.format(
                    "\r(%7d/%7d) ", i+1, boards.length));
            }
            long elapsed = gc.solveSudoku(boards[i], gc.clues[i]);
            if (elapsed == -1) {
                System.out.println("Impossible: " + i);
            }
            if (elapsed > maxSolveTime) {
                maxSolveTime = elapsed;
                maxSolveIndex = i;
            }
            solveTimes[i] = elapsed;
            p.println(gc.getSolution());
            // break;
        }

        p.close();
        long t2 = System.nanoTime();
        Arrays.sort(solveTimes);
        System.out.println();
        System.out.println("Median solve time: " 
            + gc.printTime(0, solveTimes[boards.length/2]));
        System.out.println("Longest solve time: " 
            + gc.printTime(0, maxSolveTime) + " for board " + maxSolveIndex);
        gc.display(boards[maxSolveIndex]);
        System.out.println();

        System.out.println("Total time (including prints): " 
            + gc.printTime(t0,t2));
        System.out.println("Sudoku solving time: " 
            + gc.printTime(0,gc.getTime()));
        System.out.println("Average time per board: " 
            + gc.printTime(0,gc.getTime()/boards.length));
        System.out.println("Number of one-choice digits per board: " 
            + String.format("%.2f", gc.getTotEasy()/(double)boards.length));  
        System.out.println("Easily solvable boards: " + gc.easySolved);
        System.out.println("\nInput time: " + gc.printTime(t0,tinp));
        System.out.println("Connect time: " + gc.printTime(tinp,t1));
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {

        }
    }
}