编写一个GOLF汇编程序，给定寄存器中的64位无符号整数，如果是正方形，则将n非零值放入寄存器中，否则将放入寄存器中。sn0s

您的GOLF二进制文件（组装后）必须适合4096个字节。

您的程序将使用以下Python3程序（必须放在GOLF目录中）进行评分：

import random, sys, assemble, golf, decimal

def is_square(n):
    nd = decimal.Decimal(n)
    with decimal.localcontext() as ctx:
        ctx.prec = n.bit_length() + 1
        i = int(nd.sqrt())
        return i*i == n

with open(sys.argv[1]) as in_file:
    binary, debug = assemble.assemble(in_file)

score = 0
random.seed(0)
for i in range(1000):
    cpu = golf.GolfCPU(binary)

    if random.randrange(16) == 0: n = random.randrange(2**32)**2
    else:                         n = random.randrange(2**64)

    cpu.regs["n"] = n
    cpu.run()
    if bool(cpu.regs["s"]) != is_square(n):
        raise RuntimeError("Incorrect result for: {}".format(n))
    score += cpu.cycle_count
    print("Score so far ({}/1000): {}".format(i+1, score))

print("Score: ", score)

确保使用将GOLF更新到最新版本git pull。使用运行分数程序python3 score.py your_source.golf。

它使用静态种子生成一组数字，其中大约1/16是平方。对这组数字进行优化违反了问题的精神，我可能随时更改种子。您的程序必须适用于任何非负的64位输入数字，而不仅仅是这些。

最低分获胜。

因为GOLF是非常新的，所以我将在此处包含一些指针。你应该阅读的 GOLF所有的指令和周期成本规格。在Github仓库示例程序中可以找到。

对于手动测试，请通过运行将程序编译为二进制文件python3 assemble.py your_source.golf。然后使用来运行您的程序python3 golf.py -p s your_source.bin n=42，这应将程序n设置为42并s退出后打印寄存器和周期计数。-d使用--help标志查看程序出口处寄存器内容的所有值-用于查看所有标志。

得分：22120（3414字节）

我的解决方案使用3kB查找表来播种Newton方法求解器，该方法求解器根据结果的大小运行零至三次迭代。

    lookup_table = bytes(int((16*n)**0.5) for n in range(2**10, 2**12))

    # use orlp's mod-64 trick
    and b, n, 0b111111
    shl v, 0xc840c04048404040, b
    le q, v, 0
    jz not_square, q
    jz is_square, n

    # x will be a shifted copy of n used to index the lookup table.
    # We want it shifted (by a multiple of two) so that the two most 
    # significant bits are not both zero and no overflow occurs.
    # The size of n in bit *pairs* (minus 8) is stored in b.
    mov b, 24
    mov x, n 
    and c, x, 0xFFFFFFFF00000000
    jnz skip32, c
    shl x, x, 32
    sub b, b, 16
skip32:
    and c, x, 0xFFFF000000000000
    jnz skip16, c
    shl x, x, 16
    sub b, b, 8
skip16:
    and c, x, 0xFF00000000000000
    jnz skip8, c
    shl x, x, 8
    sub b, b, 4
skip8:
    and c, x, 0xF000000000000000
    jnz skip4, c
    shl x, x, 4
    sub b, b, 2
skip4:
    and c, x, 0xC000000000000000
    jnz skip2, c
    shl x, x, 2
    sub b, b, 1
skip2:

    # now we shift x so it's only 12 bits long (the size of our lookup table)
    shr x, x, 52

    # and we store the lookup table value in x
    add x, x, data(lookup_table)
    sub x, x, 2**10
    lbu x, x

    # now we shift x back to the proper size
    shl x, x, b

    # x is now an intial estimate for Newton's method.
    # Since our lookup table is 12 bits, x has at least 6 bits of accuracy
    # So if b <= -2, we're done; else do an iteration of newton
    leq c, b, -2
    jnz end_newton, c
    divu q, r, n, x
    add x, x, q
    shr x, x, 1

    # We now have 12 bits of accuracy; compare b <= 4
    leq c, b, 4
    jnz end_newton, c
    divu q, r, n, x
    add x, x, q
    shr x, x, 1

    # 24 bits, b <= 16
    leq c, b, 16
    jnz end_newton, c
    divu q, r, n, x
    add x, x, q
    shr x, x, 1

    # 48 bits, we're done!

end_newton:

    # x is the (integer) square root of n: test x*x == n
    mulu x, h, x, x
    cmp s, n, x
    halt 0

is_square:
    mov s, 1

not_square:
    halt 0

得分：27462

关于时间我将参加高尔夫挑战赛：D

    # First we look at the last 6 bits of the number. These bits must be
    # one of the following:
    #
    #     0x00, 0x01, 0x04, 0x09, 0x10, 0x11,
    #     0x19, 0x21, 0x24, 0x29, 0x31, 0x39
    #
    # That's 12/64, or a ~80% reduction in composites!
    #
    # Conveniently, a 64 bit number can hold 2**6 binary values. So we can
    # use a single integer as a lookup table, by shifting. After shifting
    # we check if the top bit is set by doing a signed comparison to 0.

    and b, n, 0b111111
    shl v, 0xc840c04048404040, b
    le q, v, 0
    jz no, q
    jz yes, n

    # Hacker's Delight algorithm - Newton-Raphson.
    mov c, 1
    sub x, n, 1
    geu q, x, 2**32-1
    jz skip32, q
    add c, c, 16
    shr x, x, 32
skip32:
    geu q, x, 2**16-1
    jz skip16, q
    add c, c, 8
    shr x, x, 16
skip16:
    geu q, x, 2**8-1
    jz skip8, q
    add c, c, 4
    shr x, x, 8
skip8:
    geu q, x, 2**4-1
    jz skip4, q
    add c, c, 2
    shr x, x, 4
skip4:
    geu q, x, 2**2-1
    add c, c, q

    shl g, 1, c
    shr t, n, c
    add t, t, g
    shr h, t, 1

    leu q, h, g
    jz newton_loop_done, q
newton_loop:
    mov g, h
    divu t, r, n, g
    add t, t, g
    shr h, t, 1
    leu q, h, g
    jnz newton_loop, q
newton_loop_done:

    mulu u, h, g, g
    cmp s, u, n 
    halt 0
yes:
    mov s, 1
no:
    halt 0

得分：161558 227038 259038 260038 263068

我采用最快的整数平方根算法，可以找到并返回其余数是否为零。

# based on http://www.cc.utah.edu/~nahaj/factoring/isqrt.c.html
# converted to GOLF assembly for http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/49356/testing-if-a-number-is-a-square

# unrolled for speed, original source commented out at bottom
start:
    or u, t, 1 << 62
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope62, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 62
    nope62:

    or u, t, 1 << 60
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope60, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 60
    nope60:

    or u, t, 1 << 58
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope58, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 58
    nope58:

    or u, t, 1 << 56
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope56, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 56
    nope56:

    or u, t, 1 << 54
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope54, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 54
    nope54:

    or u, t, 1 << 52
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope52, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 52
    nope52:

    or u, t, 1 << 50
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope50, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 50
    nope50:

    or u, t, 1 << 48
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope48, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 48
    nope48:

    or u, t, 1 << 46
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope46, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 46
    nope46:

    or u, t, 1 << 44
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope44, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 44
    nope44:

    or u, t, 1 << 42
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope42, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 42
    nope42:

    or u, t, 1 << 40
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope40, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 40
    nope40:

    or u, t, 1 << 38
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope38, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 38
    nope38:

    or u, t, 1 << 36
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope36, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 36
    nope36:

    or u, t, 1 << 34
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope34, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 34
    nope34:

    or u, t, 1 << 32
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope32, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 32
    nope32:

    or u, t, 1 << 30
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope30, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 30
    nope30:

    or u, t, 1 << 28
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope28, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 28
    nope28:

    or u, t, 1 << 26
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope26, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 26
    nope26:

    or u, t, 1 << 24
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope24, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 24
    nope24:

    or u, t, 1 << 22
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope22, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 22
    nope22:

    or u, t, 1 << 20
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope20, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 20
    nope20:

    or u, t, 1 << 18
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope18, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 18
    nope18:

    or u, t, 1 << 16
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope16, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 16
    nope16:

    or u, t, 1 << 14
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope14, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 14
    nope14:

    or u, t, 1 << 12
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope12, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 12
    nope12:

    or u, t, 1 << 10
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope10, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 10
    nope10:

    or u, t, 1 << 8
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope8, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 8
    nope8:

    or u, t, 1 << 6
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope6, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 6
    nope6:

    or u, t, 1 << 4
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope4, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 4
    nope4:

    or u, t, 1 << 2
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope2, v
    sub n, n, u
    or t, t, 1 << 2
    nope2:

    or u, t, 1 << 0
    shr t, t, 1
    gequ v, n, u
    jz nope0, v
    sub n, n, u
    nope0:

end:
    not s, n        # return !remainder
    halt 0


# before unrolling...
#
# start:
#     mov b, 1 << 62  # squaredbit = 01000000...
# loop:               # do {
#     or u, b, t      #   u = squaredbit | root
#     shr t, t, 1     #   root >>= 1
#     gequ v, n, u    #   if remainder >= u:
#     jz nope, v
#     sub n, n, u     #       remainder = remainder - u
#     or t, t, b      #       root = root | squaredbit
# nope:
#     shr b, b, 2     #   squaredbit >>= 2
#     jnz loop, b      # } while (squaredbit > 0)
# end:
#     not s, n        # return !remainder
#     halt 0

编辑1：删除平方测试，直接返回！剩余，每个测试节省3个操作

编辑2：直接将n用作余数，每次测试可节省1 op

编辑3：简化循环条件，每次测试节省32个操作

编辑4：展开循环，每次测试节省约65个操作

得分：344493

在[1, 4294967296)近似区间内进行简单的二进制搜索sqrt(n)，然后检查是否n为理想平方。

mov b, 4294967296
mov c, -1

lesser:
    add a, c, 1

start:
    leu k, a, b
    jz end, k

    add c, a, b
    shr c, c, 1

    mulu d, e, c, c

    leu e, d, n
    jnz lesser, e
    mov b, c
    jmp start

end:
    mulu d, e, b, b
    cmp s, d, n

    halt 0