快递号码

早在60年代，法国人就发明了电视游戏节目“ Des Chiffres et des Lettres”（数字和字母）。节目的“数字”部分的目标是，使用一些半随机选择的数字，尽可能接近某个3位目标数字。参赛者可以使用以下运算符：

• 串联（1和2为12）
• 加法（1 + 2是3）
• 减法（5-3 = 2）
• 除（8/2 = 4）; 仅当结果为自然数时才允许除法
• 乘法（2 * 3 = 6）
• 括号，以覆盖运算的常规优先级：2 *（3 + 4）= 14

每个给定的号码只能使用一次或根本不能使用。

例如，目标数字728可以与以下数字精确匹配：6、10、25、75、5和50，其表达式如下：

75 * 10 - ( ( 6 + 5 ) * ( 50 / 25 ) ) = 750 - ( 11 * 2 ) = 750 - 22 = 728

在此代码挑战中，您将获得查找尽可能接近特定目标数字的表达式的任务。由于我们生活在21世纪，因此与60年代相比，我们将引入更大的目标数和可使用的数字。

规则

• 允许的运算符：串联，+，-，/，*，（和）
• 串联运算符没有符号。只是连接数字。
• 没有“反向串联”。69是69，不能分为6和9。
• 目标数字是一个正整数，最多18个数字。
• 至少有两个数字可以使用，最多99个数字。这些数字也是正整数，最多18位。
• 有可能（实际上相当有可能）目标数字无法用数字和运算符表示。目标是尽可能接近。
• 该程序应在合理的时间（在现代台式机上几分钟）内完成。
• 有标准漏洞。
• 您的程序可能没有针对此难题的“评分”部分中的测试集进行优化。如果我怀疑有人违反此规则，我保留更改测试集的权利。
• 这不是代码高尔夫。

输入值

输入包含一个数字数组，可以用任何方便的方式对其进行格式化。第一个数字是目标数字。其余数字是您应该用来形成目标数字的数字。

输出量

输出要求是：

• 它应该是一个包含以下内容的字符串：
  • 输入号码的任何子集（目标号码除外）
  • 任意数量的运营商
• 我希望输出是没有空格的单行，但是如果您必须的话，可以根据需要添加空格和换行符。它们将在控制程序中被忽略。
• 输出应为有效的数学表达式。

例子

为了便于阅读，所有这些示例均具有精确的解决方案，并且每个输入数字仅使用一次。

输入： 1515483, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
输出：111*111*(111+11+1)

输入： 153135, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
输出：123*(456+789)

输入：8888888888, 9, 9, 9, 99, 99, 99, 999, 999, 999, 9999, 9999, 9999, 99999, 99999, 99999, 1
输出：9*99*999*9999-9999999-999999-99999-99999-99999-9999-999-9-1

输入： 207901, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0
输出：1+2*(3+4)*(5+6)*(7+8)*90

输入：34943, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 输出：1+2*(3+4*(5+6*(7+8*90))) 但有效的输出是：34957-6-8

计分

程序的惩罚分数是下面测试集的表达式的相对误差的总和。

例如，如果目标值为125，而表达式给出120，则您的罚分是abs（1-120/125）= 0,04。

最低的程序得分（最低的总相对误差）获得。如果两个程序均等完成，则第一个提交将获胜。

最后，测试集（8个案例）：

14142, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
48077691, 6, 9, 66, 69, 666, 669, 696, 699, 966, 969, 996, 999
333723173, 3, 3, 3, 33, 333, 3333, 33333, 333333, 3333333, 33333333, 333333333
589637567, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
8067171096, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199
78649377055, 0, 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, 72, 90, 110, 132, 156, 182, 210, 240, 272, 306, 342, 380, 420, 462, 506, 552, 600, 650, 702, 756, 812, 870, 930, 992
792787123866, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040, 1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887, 9227465, 14930352, 24157817, 39088169
2423473942768, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 100000, 2000000, 5000000, 10000000, 20000000, 50000000

以前的类似难题

创建了这个难题并将其发布到沙盒之后，我在之前的两个难题中注意到了类似（但不相同！）的地方：here（无解决方案）和here。这个难题有所不同，因为它引入了连接运算符，我不寻求并精确匹配，而且我希望看到无需蛮力就能接近解决方案的策略。我认为这很有挑战性。

C ++ 17，得分.0086

该程序由于线程争用而具有不确定性的罚分，所以我声明基于平均三个运行，每个运行在一分钟内即可处理测试套件：

score 0.000071 for 14(11*13) = 14143
score 0.000019 for (696699+66)*69 = 48076785
score 0.000069 for 333333+333333333+33333 = 333699999
score 0.000975 for 5(1((((555555255-1-1-4-5-5-5-5-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-5-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-5)/2*3/2-2)/2*3+2+1+1+1+1-1-1)/2*2/2/2/2)/2) = 589062470
score 0.000462 for (((199181197*41-193-191-179-173-167-163-157-151-149-139-137-131-127-113-109-107-103-101-97-89-83-79-73-71-67-61-59-53-47-43-17-3)/5*7+23)/2/11*13+19)/31*37 = 8063447296
score 0.000118 for (992930870*72+812+756+702+650+600+552+506+462+420+380+342-42-56-182-12-210-156-90-20-272-30-6-306)/240*132*2 = 78640130184
score 0.000512 for (((317811*832040*3-39088169-24157817-14930352-9227465-5702887-2178309-1346269-3524578-514229-196418-121393-17711-233-75025-46368-89-28657-4181-10946-6765-34-987-2584-13-610-8-1)/2-377-144)/5-1597)1 = 793193194211
score 0.005725 for 2(20((120000000*20000+50000000+10000000+5000000+2000000+100000+50000+10000+5000+2000-500-1000)/50)/5)+200+100+10 = 2409600268972
total score = .007951

real    0m57.876s
user    4m24.396s
sys     0m0.684s

score 0.000071 for 14(11*13) = 14143
score 0.000019 for (696699+66)*69 = 48076785
score 0.000069 for 333333+333333333+33333 = 333699999
score 0.001675 for (3((((((((555555455+5+5+5+5-1-1-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-1-4-4-4-4-5-3-3-3-3-3-4)/2*3/2-1)*2+5)/3*3+3)/2-3-3)/2*3/2*2+2)/2*2/2*3+2+1)/5/2)-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2)/2*3 = 590624943
score 0.000973 for ((199181197*41-193-191-179-173-167-163-157-151-149-139-137-131-127-113-107-101-59-97-79-3-71-67-83-2-47-37-73-89-103-19-11-29)/5*7+109-23)/61*43 = 8059325224
score 0.000118 for ((992930870*72+812+756+702+650+600+552+506+462+420+380+342+306+272+240+210+182-0-56-110-20-90)/2-42-156)/30*132/12*6 = 78640132296
score 0.000512 for (((317811*832040*3-39088169-24157817-14930352-9227465-5702887-3524578-514229-196418-2178309-1346269-121393-75025-28657-10946-233-46368-89-17711-2584-6765-610-4181-34-987-55-1)/2-8-144-377)/5-1597)1 = 793193194161
score 0.004734 for 2(20((120000000*20000+50000000+10000000+5000000+2000000+100000+50000+10000+5000+2000-100-1000-500)/200*50/10)/5) = 2412000335827
total score = .008171

real    0m45.636s
user    3m30.272s
sys     0m0.720s

score 0.000071 for 14(11*13) = 14143
score 0.000019 for (696699+66)*69 = 48076785
score 0.000069 for 333333+333333333+33333 = 333699999
score 0.002963 for 1(((((((555555555+5+5+5+5+5+5+4+4+4+4-1-2-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-3-3-3-3)/2*3+3+2)/2*2+3+3)/2*2/2/2*3+3)/2-3-3)*3/2-1-3)/2*3/2/2)/2 = 587890622
score 0.000069 for ((((199181197*41-193-191-179-173-167-163-157-151-149-139-137-131-127-113-109-107-103-101-97-89-83-79-73-71-67-61-59-53-47-43-37-11)/7)2+3)/23*17-13-5)/31*29 = 8066615553
score 0.000118 for ((992930870*72+812+756+702+650+600+552+506+462+420+380-0-6-90-56-42-272-182-110-210-342-30-306)*2+12)/240*132 = 78640129524
score 0.000512 for (((317811*832040*3-39088169-24157817-14930352-9227465-5702887-2178309-1346269-3524578-514229-196418-121393-75025-46368-28657-144-55-17711-2584-10946-4181-6765-21-610-987-377-8-1)/2-89-13)/5-233-1597)1 = 793193192491
score 0.005725 for 2(20((120000000*20000+50000000+10000000+5000000+2000000+100000+50000+10000+5000+2000-500-1000)/50)/5)+200+100+10 = 2409600268972
total score = .009546

real    0m57.289s
user    4m19.488s
sys     0m0.708s

这是程序；注释中提供了解释。您可以CONCAT_NONE为传统的Countdown规则定义不允许连接的规则，也可以定义CONCAT_DIGITS输入值的连接，但不允许任何中间结果的连接。默认情况下，未定义任何规则，将使用最宽松的规则。

#include <omp.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <memory>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

// We apply some principles to help us arrive at a good enough solution
// in a reasonable time:

// 1. Ruthlessly prune duplicate expressions from the candidate
//    list.  If we've seen a+b, then there's no need to consider
//    b+a.  Similarly, having seen (a+b)+c, then (a+c)+b can be
//    discounted.
// 2. Detect duplicates by storing batches of part-processed results
//    in sets before sending to the next pass.
// 3. Sort our candidates so that those containing a term near to the
//    target are first in line for further processing.
// 4. Gradually widen our acceptance margin as we proceed.  This
//    allows us to terminate quickly without exhaustively searching
//    the full problem space.
// 5. Parallelize the generation of candidate solutions using OpenMP.

// Define precedence values for our operators, so that we can print
// with the minimum sufficient parentheses.  The values are grouped
// into tens so that add/10 == subtract/10 and mult/10 == divide/10 -
// the operators use that for avoiding duplicate expressions.
static const int PREC_ADD = 26;
static const int PREC_SUBTRACT = 24;
static const int PREC_MULT = 16;
static const int PREC_DIVIDE = 14;
static const int PREC_CONCAT = 2;
static const int PREC_LITERAL = 0;

static const int PREC_MAX = 1000;

class LiteralTerm;

struct Term
{
    long value;
    int precedence;

    Term(long value, int precedence)
        : value(value), precedence(precedence)
    {}
    Term(const Term&) = default;
    virtual ~Term() = default;

    virtual std::string to_string(int p = PREC_MAX) const = 0;
    virtual LiteralTerm as_literal() const = 0;

    long distance(long target) const { return std::abs(value - target); }

    // We sort large values first, in the hope that this will approach
    // the target faster.
    bool operator<(const Term& o) const { return value > o.value; }
};


// We have two kinds of Term: a LiteralTerm is a leaf node of the
// expression tree, and a BinaryTerm is an internal node.
struct Operator;

class LiteralTerm : public Term
{
    std::string s;
public:
    LiteralTerm(std::string s) : Term(std::stol(s), 0), s(s) {}
    LiteralTerm(std::string s, long value) : Term(value, 0), s(s) {}
    std::string to_string(int = PREC_MAX) const override { return s; }
    LiteralTerm as_literal() const override { return *this; }
};

struct BinaryTerm : public Term
{
    Operator const *op;

    std::shared_ptr<const Term> a;
    std::shared_ptr<const Term> b;

    BinaryTerm(long value, const Operator* op, std::shared_ptr<const Term> a, std::shared_ptr<const Term> b);
    BinaryTerm(const BinaryTerm&) = default;
    BinaryTerm& operator=(const BinaryTerm&) = default;

    std::string to_string(int p = PREC_MAX) const;

    LiteralTerm as_literal() const override { return { to_string(), value }; }
};

struct TermList {
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> terms;
    std::vector<long> values;
    long target_value;
    long badness;

    TermList(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> terms, long target_value)
        : terms(std::move(terms)),
          values(),
          target_value(target_value),
          badness(min_badness(this->terms, target_value))
    {
        values.reserve(terms.size());
        std::transform(terms.begin(), terms.end(),
                       std::back_inserter(values), [](auto t) { return t->value; });
        // Literals that begin with "0" need to be distinct from (but
        // adjacent to) equivalent non-literals.  Append a negative
        // value for each term with leading zeros.  There's an edge
        // case involving multiple leading zeros, but we'll ignore
        // that.
        for (const auto& v: terms)
            if (v->precedence <= PREC_CONCAT && v->value > 0 && v->to_string()[0] == '0')
                values.push_back(-v->value);
    }

    // Sort according to the term that's nearest to the target.
    bool operator<(const TermList& o) const
    {
        return std::make_tuple(std::cref(badness),   std::cref(values))
            <  std::make_tuple(std::cref(o.badness), std::cref(o.values));
    }

private:
    static long min_badness(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>>& t, long target_value)
    {
        auto less_bad = [target_value](const auto& a, const auto&b)
            { return a->distance(target_value) < b->distance(target_value); };
        auto const& e = *std::min_element(t.begin(), t.end(), less_bad);
        return std::abs(e->value - target_value);
    }
};

using Set = std::set<TermList>;

// Detect duplicate expressions.  This will discount "3+2-3", "8*5*2/3/5"
// and similar expressions that contain simple pairs of inverse operands.
static bool contains_value(const Term& t, int precedence, long value)
{
    auto *const b = dynamic_cast<const BinaryTerm*>(&t);
    if (t.precedence == precedence)
        return t.value == value
            || b && b->b->value < value
            || b && contains_value(*b->a, precedence, value)
            || b && contains_value(*b->b, precedence, value);
    if (t.precedence/10 == precedence/10)
        // Advance through the subtractions to inspect the additions
        // (or through the divides to inspect the multiplications).
        return b && contains_value(*b->a, precedence, value);
    return false;
}

// An Operator is a factory producing binary terms of a given type,
// and for printing those terms.  Here's the abstract base class.
struct Operator
{
    using TermPointer = std::shared_ptr<const Term>;
    using BinaryTermPointer = std::shared_ptr<const BinaryTerm>;

    int const precedence;
    std::string const joiner;

    virtual std::string to_string(const Term &a, const Term &b) const {
        return a.to_string(precedence) + joiner + b.to_string(precedence);
    }

    virtual BinaryTermPointer make_term(TermPointer a, TermPointer b) const {
        long r = evaluate(*a, *b);
        return r ? std::make_shared<BinaryTerm>(r, this, a, b) : BinaryTermPointer();
    }

    virtual ~Operator() = default;

protected:
    Operator(int precedence, std::string joiner) : precedence(precedence), joiner(joiner) {}

    virtual long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const = 0;
};

// Now we define a subclass for each permitted operator
struct AddOperator : Operator
{
    AddOperator() : Operator(PREC_ADD, "+") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        const auto *d = dynamic_cast<const BinaryTerm*>(&a);
        long r;
        return b.precedence/10 != PREC_ADD/10
            && a.precedence != PREC_SUBTRACT
            && b.value > 0
            && ! (d && d->precedence == this->precedence && d->b->value < b.value)
            && !__builtin_add_overflow(a.value, b.value, &r)
            ? r : 0;
    }
};
struct SubtractOperator : Operator
{
    SubtractOperator() : Operator(PREC_SUBTRACT, "-") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        return b.precedence < PREC_SUBTRACT
            && a.value > b.value
            && !contains_value(a, PREC_ADD, b.value)
            ? a.value - b.value : 0;
    }
};
struct MultiplyOperator : Operator
{
    MultiplyOperator() : Operator(PREC_MULT, "*") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        const auto *d = dynamic_cast<const BinaryTerm*>(&a);
        long r;
        return b.precedence/10 != PREC_MULT/10
            && b.value > 1
            && (b.value > 2 || a.value > 2)
            && ! (d && d->precedence == this->precedence && d->b->value < b.value)
            && !__builtin_mul_overflow(a.value, b.value, &r)
            ? r : 0;
    }
};
struct DivideOperator : Operator
{
    DivideOperator() : Operator(PREC_DIVIDE, "/") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        return b.precedence/10 != PREC_DIVIDE/10 && b.value > 1
            && a.value % b.value == 0
            && !contains_value(a, PREC_MULT, b.value)
            ? a.value / b.value : 0;
    }
};

struct ConcatOperator : Operator
{
    ConcatOperator() : Operator(PREC_CONCAT, "") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
#ifdef CONCAT_DIGITS
        if (a.precedence > PREC_CONCAT || a.value == 0 || b.precedence >= PREC_CONCAT)
            return 0;
#else  // CONCAT_FULL
        if (b.precedence == PREC_CONCAT || a.value == 0)
            return 0;
#endif
        long bv = b.value, av = a.value, x = 1, r;
        if (b.precedence > PREC_CONCAT) while (x <= bv) x*= 10;
        else { int d = b.to_string().length(); while (d--) x*= 10; }
        return __builtin_mul_overflow(av, x, &r) || __builtin_add_overflow(r, bv, &r) ? 0 : r;
    }
};
struct ReverseConcatOperator : ConcatOperator
{
    BinaryTermPointer make_term(TermPointer a, TermPointer b) const override
    {
        return ConcatOperator::make_term(b, a);
    }
};

static const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Operator>> ops{
#ifndef CONCAT_NONE
        std::make_shared<ConcatOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<ReverseConcatOperator>(),
#endif
        std::make_shared<MultiplyOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<AddOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<SubtractOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<DivideOperator>(),
};


// Implement the BinaryTerm members that use Operator
BinaryTerm::BinaryTerm(long value, const Operator* op, std::shared_ptr<const Term> a, std::shared_ptr<const Term> b)
    : Term(value, op->precedence), op(op), a(std::move(a)), b(std::move(b))
{}

std::string BinaryTerm::to_string(int p) const
{
    auto const s = op->to_string(*a, *b);
    return (p/10) < (precedence/10) ? "("+s+")" : s;
}


// An object to represent our target value, and how close we have
// reached so far.
struct Target
{
    const long value;
    double max_badness = 0;

    LiteralTerm best = {"0"};
    long best_badness = value;

    bool done() const { return best_badness < max_badness; }
    double score() const { return 1.*best_badness/value; }

    void update(const Term& t)
    {
        auto badness = std::abs(t.value - value);
        if (badness < best_badness) {
            best = t.as_literal();
            best_badness = badness;
        }
    }

    void update(const TermList& terms)
    {
        for (auto t: terms.terms)
            update(*t);
    }

    void increase_threshold(size_t items_seen)
    {
        // Adjust our acceptance threshold nearer to accepting 0 by
        // 0.01% for every million values seen.
        max_badness += (value - max_badness) * .0001 * std::exp(items_seen / 1000000);
    }
};

// OpenMP reduction for sets
auto merge(auto& a, auto& b)
{
    auto it = a.begin();
    for (auto&& e: b)
        it = a.insert(std::move(e)).first;
    return a;
}
#pragma omp declare reduction(merge: Set: merge<Set>(omp_out, omp_in) ) \
    initializer(omp_priv = Set())


// We run a cascade of pair-wise combination steps, where for each
// input TermList, we generate every possible allowed pairing of its
// terms, and pass that through (in batches) to the next stage.
struct Combiner
{
    std::unique_ptr<Combiner> const next;
    Target& target;
    size_t const max_output_size;
    size_t const nterms;

    Set input = {};
    size_t output_size = 0;

    Combiner(Target& target, size_t nterms, size_t max_output_size)
        : next(nterms > 0 ? std::make_unique<Combiner>(target, nterms-1, max_output_size) : nullptr),
          target(target),
          max_output_size(max_output_size),
          nterms(nterms)
    {}

    inline void insert(const TermList&& t)
    {
        target.update(t);
        if (target.done()) return;
        if (next) {
            if (input.insert(t).second)
                output_size += count_distinct_pairs(t);
            if (output_size >= max_output_size)
                process_input();
        }
    }

    void finish()
    {
        process_input();
        if (next)
            next->finish();
    }

private:
    // Here's where we do the real work - generating and sifting the
    // combined terms for the next pass.
    void process_input()
    {
        if (target.done()) {
            return;
        }

        if (!next)
            return;

        // Move the elements into a vector, so we can parallelize the
        // for-loop.
        auto in = std::vector<Set::value_type>();
        in.reserve(input.size());
        std::move(input.begin(), input.end(), std::back_inserter(in));
        input.clear();
        output_size = 0;

        auto out = Set();

#pragma omp parallel reduction(merge:out)
        {
#pragma omp for
            for (auto it = in.begin();  it < in.end();  ++it)
            {
                try {
                    const auto end = it->terms.cend();
                    for (auto i = it->terms.cbegin();  i != end;  i = std::upper_bound(i, end, *i))
                        for (auto j = i+1;  j != end;  j = std::upper_bound(j, end, *j)) {
                            for (const auto& op: ops) {
                                auto x = op->make_term(*i, *j);
                                if (x) out.insert(replace(*it, i, j, x));
                            }
                        }
                } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
                    // Ignore it; process what we've generated so far.
                }
            }
        }

        // Now we're in single-threaded code, we can pass the combined
        // results to the next combiner.
        for (auto& o: out)
            next->insert(std::move(o));

        target.increase_threshold(out.size());
    }


    // Helper methods used by the above

    // An upper bound on the possible number of output TermLists,
    // assuming every combination is valid.  If all n terms in the
    // input list are distinct, that's just ½n(n-1), but if values
    // are duplicated, we need to reduce n to the number of distinct
    // values, and then add in the cases where we pick two of the
    // same value.
    static int count_distinct_pairs(const TermList& terms)
    {
        int distinct = 0, duplicated = 0;
        auto it = terms.terms.begin(),
            end = terms.terms.end();
        while (it != end) {
            ++distinct;
            auto const& v = (*it)->value;
            if (++it == end || (*it)->value != v) continue;
            ++duplicated;
            while (++it != end && (*it)->value == v)
                ;
        }
        return distinct * (distinct - 1) / 2 + duplicated;
    }

    // Create a new TermList from o by replacing elements i and j with
    // newly-created term n.
    static TermList replace(const TermList& o, auto i, auto j, std::shared_ptr<const Term> n)
    {
        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> r;
        r.reserve(o.terms.size() - 1);
        auto added = false;
        for (auto k = o.terms.begin();  k != o.terms.end();  ++k) {
            if (!added && (*k)->value < n->value) { r.push_back(n); added = true; }
            if (k != i && k != j) r.push_back(*k);
        }
        if (!added) r.push_back(n);
        return { r, o.target_value };
    }
};


#include <iostream>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const Term& t)
{
    return o << t.to_string()<< " = " << t.value;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const TermList& t)
{
    auto *sep = "";
    o << "[" << t.badness << "] ";
    for (auto const& x: t.terms)
        o << sep << *x, sep = ", ";
    return o;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    if (argc < 3) {
        std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " target term ...";
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    auto target = Target{std::stol(*++argv)};

    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> terms;
    while (*++argv) {
        auto t = std::make_shared<LiteralTerm>(*argv);
        target.update(*t);
        terms.push_back(t);
    }
    std::sort(terms.begin(), terms.end());

    // Construct the sieve
    Combiner search{target, terms.size(), 2500000/terms.size() + 1}; // tunable - max set size
    search.insert({terms, target.value});
    search.finish();

    std::cout << "score " << std::fixed << target.score() << " for " << target.best << std::endl;
}

我使用GCC 6.2使用g++ -std=c++17 -fopenmp -march=native -O3（以及一些调试和警告选项）进行了编译。

Python 2.7。得分：1,67039106

所以，我决定自己动手。没什么好看的。该程序以相反的顺序对数字进行排序（从大到小），然后按顺序尝试所有运算符。速度很快，但是性能值得取代。

这是程序：

import sys

def score(current,target):
    return abs(1.0-current/float(target))

# Process input and init variables
targetvalue=int(sys.argv[1].strip(','))
numbers=[int(a.strip(',')) for a in sys.argv[2:]]
numbers.sort(reverse=True)
expression='('+str(numbers[0])+')'
currentvalue=nextvalue=testvalue=numbers[0]

# Loop over all values (except the first one)
for value in numbers[1:]:
    # Set multiplication as the reference operator...
    testvalue=currentvalue*value
    minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
    operator="*"
    nextvalue=testvalue

    # then try division (only if result is integer and not divided by zero)...
    if value!=0 and currentvalue%value==0:
        testvalue=currentvalue/value
        if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
            operator="/"
            minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
            nextvalue=testvalue

    # and addition...
    testvalue=currentvalue+value
    if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
        operator="+"
        minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
        nextvalue=testvalue

    # and subtraction...
    testvalue=currentvalue-value
    if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
        operator="-"
        minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
        nextvalue=testvalue

    # and concatenation
    testvalue=int(str(currentvalue)+str(value))
    if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
        operator=""
        minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
        nextvalue=testvalue

    # finally check if any operator improces the score. If so, append to the expression
    if score(nextvalue,targetvalue)<score(currentvalue,targetvalue):
        expression='('+expression+operator+str(value)+')'
        currentvalue=nextvalue

print(expression)

所有测试用例的输出为：

((((((15)14)*13)-12)-11)-10)
((((((((((((999)996)+969)+966)+699)+696)+669)+666)*69)-66)-9)-6)
(((((((((333333333)+333333)+33333)+3333)+333)+33)+3)+3)+3)
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5)5)5)5)5)5)5)5)5)+5)+5)+5)+5)+5)+5)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((199)197)193)+191)+181)+179)+173)+167)+163)+157)+151)+149)+139)+137)+131)+127)+113)+109)+107)+103)+101)+97)+89)+83)*79)-73)-71)-67)-61)-59)-53)-47)-43)-41)-37)-31)-29)-23)-19)-17)-13)-11)-7)-5)-3)/2)
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((992)930)870)+812)+756)+702)+650)+600)+552)+506)+462)+420)+380)+342)+306)+272)+240)+210)+182)*156)-132)-110)-90)-72)-56)-42)-30)/20)*12)-6)-2)
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((39088169)+24157817)+14930352)+9227465)+5702887)+3524578)+2178309)+1346269)+832040)+514229)+317811)+196418)+121393)+75025)+46368)+28657)+17711)*10946)-6765)-4181)-2584)-1597)-987)-610)-377)-233)-144)-89)-55)-34)-21)-13)-8)-5)-3)/2)+1)+1)
(((((((((((((((((((((50000000)+20000000)+10000000)+5000000)+2000000)+100000)*50000)-20000)-10000)-5000)-2000)-1000)-500)-200)-100)-50)-20)-10)/5)*2)+1)