在编辑中添加，2013-05-29：因为这是一个很长的问题和讨论，所以这里是问题和解决方案的简短摘要。我在小型Linux服务器（1 GB内存）上运行MySQL和Apache时遇到问题。Apache一直要求更多的内存，因此，操作系统总是杀死MySQL来重新获得其内存。 解决方案是用Lighttpd替换Apache。完成此操作后，服务器上的内存使用情况已经完全稳定了几个月，而且还没有发生任何类型的崩溃。编辑结束
我是小型虚拟服务器的初学者系统管理员。服务器的主要功能是运行用PHP编写的开源Moodle课程管理系统软件。它依赖于数据库（在本例中为MySQL）和Web服务器（在本例中为Apache）。
该服务器正在运行64位CentOS 5.8版（最终版），具有1 GB内存和200 GB磁盘，内核版本为2.6.18-308.8.2.el5xen。MySQL版本是版本14.14 Distrib 5.5.25，适用于使用readline 5.1的Linux（x86_64）。
我不认为Moodle软件是MySQL的重度用户。当前，只有大约十个教师可以访问它，并且当我使用bzip2转储并压缩整个数据库时，生成的转储大小小于1 MB。
我几个月前就建立了系统。Apache服务器一直保持稳定，但是MySQL崩溃了好几次。我尝试从Web上了解最佳配置，而上次更改/etc/my.cnf文件时，我/usr/share/doc/mysql55-server-5.5.25/my-large.cnf以MySQL随附的文件为例。该文件说这是针对具有512 MB内存的系统的，所以我认为使用与内存相关的配置参数对该系统来说是安全的。（我之前用较小的数字配置了MySQL的与内存相关的参数，我认为这可能导致崩溃。尽管仍然发生崩溃，但现在系统至少要快一些。）这些是当前的内容/etc/my.cnf：
# /etc/my.cfg
# The main and only MySQL configuration file on [WEBSITE ADDRESS REDACTED].
# Last updated 2012-09-23 by Teemu Leisti.
# Most of the memory settings are set to be the same as the example setting file
# /usr/share/doc/mysql55-server-5.5.25/my-large.cnf, which is meant for systems
# with 512M of memory. This server currently has twice that, i.e. 1G of memory,
# which should make these settings safe.
[client]
default_character_set = utf8
port = 3306
socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
character_set_filesystem = utf8
character_set_server = utf8
datadir = /var/lib/mysql
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 20M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 256M # You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to
# 50..80% of RAM, but beware of setting
# memory usage too high
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
innodb_data_home_dir = /var/lib/mysql
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
innodb_log_file_size = 64M # Set .._log_file_size to 25% of buffer
# pool size
innodb_log_group_home_dir = /var/lib/mysql
interactive_timeout = 60
key_buffer_size = 256M
long_query_time = 10
max_allowed_packet = 1M
max_connections = 30
port = 3306
query_cache_limit = 2M # see http://emergent.urbanpug.com/?p=61
query_cache_size = 16M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 4M
skip_networking # Only local processes need to use MySQL
skip_symbolic_links # Disabling symbolic_links is recommended to
# prevent assorted security risks
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql-slow-queries.log
socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
sort_buffer_size = 1M
table_open_cache = 256
thread_cache_size = 8
thread_concurrency = 2 # = number of CPUs * 2
user = mysql
wait_timeout = 10
[mysqld_safe]
log_error = /var/log/mysqld.log
open_files_limit = 4096
pid_file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL
safe-updates
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 128M
sort_buffer_size = 128M
read_buffer = 2M
write_buffer = 2M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout如您在配置中所见，安装程序使用InnoDB引擎，并且仅处理来自本地主机的请求。除了系统管理员（me），Moodle是MySQL的唯一用户。
当MySQL崩溃时，以下内容将始终写入日志文件/var/log/mysqld.log（当然，除了时间戳）：
120926 08:00:51 mysqld_safe Number of processes running now: 0
120926 08:00:51 mysqld_safe mysqld restarted
120926 8:00:53 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 256.0M
InnoDB: mmap(274726912 bytes) failed; errno 12
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
120926 8:00:53 InnoDB: Fatal error: cannot allocate memory for the buffer pool
120926 8:00:53 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' init function returned error.
120926 8:00:53 [ERROR] Plugin 'InnoDB' registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed.
120926 8:00:53 [ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB
120926 8:00:53 [ERROR] Aborting
120926 8:00:53 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Shutdown complete
120926 08:00:53 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid ended有时我可以通过命令重启MySQL service mysqld restart，但有时该命令将失败，并显示以下输出：mysqld dead but subsys locked。在这些情况下，我唯一能想到的恢复情况是重启服务器，然后再重启MySQL。在这些情况下，输出如下所示：
120926 11:43:48 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /var/lib/mysql
120926 11:43:48 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 256.0M
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.
InnoDB: The log sequence number in ibdata files does not match
InnoDB: the log sequence number in the ib_logfiles!
120926 11:43:48 InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally!
InnoDB: Starting crash recovery.
InnoDB: Reading tablespace information from the .ibd files...
InnoDB: Restoring possible half-written data pages from the doublewrite
InnoDB: buffer...
120926 11:43:51 InnoDB: Waiting for the background threads to start
120926 11:43:52 InnoDB: 1.1.8 started; log sequence number 466807107
120926 11:43:52 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events
120926 11:43:52 [Note] /usr/libexec/mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.5.25' socket: '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' port: 0 MySQL Community Server (GPL)这是命令free -m当前输出的内容：
# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1024 869 154 0 70 153
-/+ buffers/cache: 644 379
Swap: 0 0 0通常，“免费”列在50到100 MB之间。
命令的输出ulimit -a：
# ulimit -a
core file size (blocks, -c) 0
data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited
scheduling priority (-e) 0
file size (blocks, -f) unlimited
pending signals (-i) 8192
max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 32
max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited
open files (-n) 1024
pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8
POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200
real-time priority (-r) 0
stack size (kbytes, -s) 10240
cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited
max user processes (-u) 8192
virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited
file locks (-x) unlimited我没有更改Moodle的任何设置或代码文件，除了/var/www/html/moodle/config.php，它看起来像这样（删除注释行以节省空间）：
<?php
unset($CFG); // Ignore this line
global $CFG; // This is necessary here for PHPUnit execution
$CFG = new stdClass();
$CFG->dbtype = 'mysqli'; // 'pgsql', 'mysqli', 'mssql', 'sqlsrv' or 'oci'
$CFG->dblibrary = 'native'; // 'native' only at the moment
$CFG->dbhost = 'localhost'; // eg 'localhost' or 'db.isp.com' or IP
$CFG->dbname = 'moodle'; // database name, eg moodle
$CFG->dbuser = 'moodleuser'; // your database username
$CFG->dbpass = '[REDACTED]'; // your database password
$CFG->prefix = 'moodle_'; // prefix to use for all table names
$CFG->dboptions = array(
'dbpersist' => false, // should persistent database connections be
// used? set to 'false' for the most stable
// setting, 'true' can improve performance
// sometimes
'dbsocket' => true, // should connection via UNIX socket be used?
// if you set it to 'true' or custom path
// here set dbhost to 'localhost',
// (please note mysql is always using socket
// if dbhost is 'localhost' - if you need
// local port connection use '127.0.0.1')
'dbport' => '', // the TCP port number to use when connecting
// to the server. keep empty string for the
// default port
);
$CFG->passwordsaltmain = '[REDACTED]';
$CFG->wwwroot = 'http://[REDACTED]';
$CFG->dataroot = '/var/moodledata';
$CFG->directorypermissions = 02777;
$CFG->admin = 'admin';
date_default_timezone_set('Europe/Helsinki');
$CFG->disableupdatenotifications = true;
require_once(dirname(__FILE__) . '/lib/setup.php'); // Do not edit（但是，我已经安装了两个Moodle插件，Attendance模块和block，但是我看不到它们如何与这个问题有关。）
即使在/etc/my.cnf一周前我更新到当前状态后，MySQL也因上述症状而崩溃了几次。作为数据库管理的初学者，并且在对这个问题进行了大量的搜索之后，我对下一步的工作一无所知。有什么建议么？我应该发布更多配置数据吗？
加上编辑：
文件的内容/var/log/messages.1是：
Sep 23 04:02:18 [machine name] syslogd 1.4.1: restart.
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: mysqld invoked oom-killer: gfp_mask=0x201d2, order=0, oomkilladj=0
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel:
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: Call Trace:
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff802c1bd5>] out_of_memory+0x8b/0x203
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff8020fa49>] __alloc_pages+0x27f/0x308
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff802139c9>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0xc8/0x1af
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff8021423a>] filemap_nopage+0x14c/0x360
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff80208e9d>] __handle_mm_fault+0x444/0x144f
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff80263929>] _spin_lock_irqsave+0x9/0x14
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff8023f468>] lock_timer_base+0x1b/0x3c
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff80266d94>] do_page_fault+0xf72/0x131b
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff802e5f4f>] sys_io_getevents+0x311/0x359
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff802e4e56>] timeout_func+0x0/0x10
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: [<ffffffff8025f82b>] error_exit+0x0/0x6e
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel:
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: Mem-info:
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: DMA per-cpu:
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: cpu 0 hot: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: cpu 0 cold: high 0, batch 1 used:0
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: DMA32 per-cpu:
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: cpu 0 hot: high 186, batch 31 used:117
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: cpu 0 cold: high 62, batch 15 used:53
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: Normal per-cpu: empty
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: HighMem per-cpu: empty
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: Free pages: 7256kB (0kB HighMem)
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: Active:241649 inactive:0 dirty:0 writeback:0 unstable:0 free:1814 slab:4104 mapped-file:1153 mapped-anon:240592 pagetables:3298
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: DMA free:3268kB min:32kB low:40kB high:48kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:9068kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 994 994 994
Sep 26 08:00:51 [machine name] kernel: DMA32 free:3988kB min:4016kB low:5020kB high:6024kB active:966596kB inactive:0kB present:1018080kB pages_scanned:6327262 all_unreclaimable? yes
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Normal free:0kB min:0kB low:0kB high:0kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: HighMem free:0kB min:128kB low:128kB high:128kB active:0kB inactive:0kB present:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? no
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: DMA: 1*4kB 2*8kB 1*16kB 1*32kB 2*64kB 2*128kB 1*256kB 1*512kB 2*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB = 3268kB
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: DMA32: 17*4kB 2*8kB 2*16kB 1*32kB 0*64kB 0*128kB 1*256kB 1*512kB 1*1024kB 1*2048kB 0*4096kB = 3988kB
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Normal: empty
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: HighMem: empty
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: 1214 pagecache pages
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Swap cache: add 0, delete 0, find 0/0, race 0+0
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Free swap = 0kB
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Total swap = 0kB
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Free swap: 0kB
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: 262144 pages of RAM
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: 8320 reserved pages
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: 22510 pages shared
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: 0 pages swap cached
Sep 26 08:00:52 [machine name] kernel: Out of memory: Killed process 1371, UID 27, (mysqld).然后在11:42重新启动相关的行。
在编辑＃2上添加：
我试图对迈克尔的答案发表评论，但是我对评论的字符限制不满意，所以我在这里回答。
迈克尔，谢谢您的回答。我刚刚编辑了问题，以包含崩溃时计算机系统日志的内容。（CentOS似乎将其称为系统日志/var/log/messages。）
是的，MySQL和系统日志与您链接到的问题中的日志几乎相同。现在，您提到它了，很明显该mysql restarted消息表明MySQL已经崩溃。系统日志表明oom_killer正是该过程。在您先前的答案中，您写道：“第一个猜测：apache子进程运行amok。” 在我看来，Apache在这里也是明显的嫌疑人。
早些时候，我发现了针对低内存使用优化MySQL和Apache的文章，第1部分。对于配置Apache，作者建议：“首先，Apache。我的第一句话是，如果可以避免的话，请尝试。Lighttpd和thttpd都是非常不错的Web服务器，您可以使用PHP运行lighttpd。即使您“在运行大量网站的情况下，您可以将静态内容（通常是图像和javascript文件）传递到轻量级，超快速的HTTPd服务器（例如Lighttpd），从而获得重要的性能。”
我正在考虑采纳作者的建议，并已与我的客户达成协议，下周末，我将在服务器上用Lighttpd替换Apache。我希望能解决问题。使用两个虚拟服务器极有可能是不可能的。
我没有想到在同一台计算机上使用两个稳定，成熟的开源服务器（例如MySQL和Apache）并具有合理的内存量会带来麻烦。