Answers:
创建抽象类的一种简单方法是:
/**
@constructor
@abstract
*/
var Animal = function() {
if (this.constructor === Animal) {
throw new Error("Can't instantiate abstract class!");
}
// Animal initialization...
};
/**
@abstract
*/
Animal.prototype.say = function() {
throw new Error("Abstract method!");
}
在Animal
“类”和say
方法都是抽象的。
创建实例将引发错误:
new Animal(); // throws
这是您从中“继承”的方式:
var Cat = function() {
Animal.apply(this, arguments);
// Cat initialization...
};
Cat.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Cat.prototype.constructor = Cat;
Cat.prototype.say = function() {
console.log('meow');
}
Dog
看起来就是这样。
这就是您的方案的结果:
var cat = new Cat();
var dog = new Dog();
cat.say();
dog.say();
在这里摆弄(查看控制台输出)。
根据ES6,您可以使用JavaScript类和继承来完成所需的操作。
ECMAScript 2015中引入的JavaScript类主要是对JavaScript现有的基于原型的继承的语法糖。
参考:https : //developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes
首先,我们定义抽象类。此类无法实例化,但可以扩展。我们还可以定义在扩展该类的所有类中必须实现的函数。
/**
* Abstract Class Animal.
*
* @class Animal
*/
class Animal {
constructor() {
if (this.constructor == Animal) {
throw new Error("Abstract classes can't be instantiated.");
}
}
say() {
throw new Error("Method 'say()' must be implemented.");
}
eat() {
console.log("eating");
}
}
之后,我们可以创建具体的类。这些类将继承抽象类的所有功能和行为。
/**
* Dog.
*
* @class Dog
* @extends {Animal}
*/
class Dog extends Animal {
say() {
console.log("bark");
}
}
/**
* Cat.
*
* @class Cat
* @extends {Animal}
*/
class Cat extends Animal {
say() {
console.log("meow");
}
}
/**
* Horse.
*
* @class Horse
* @extends {Animal}
*/
class Horse extends Animal {}
结果是...
// RESULTS
new Dog().eat(); // eating
new Cat().eat(); // eating
new Horse().eat(); // eating
new Dog().say(); // bark
new Cat().say(); // meow
new Horse().say(); // Error: Method say() must be implemented.
new Animal(); // Error: Abstract classes can't be instantiated.
您的意思是这样的吗:
function Animal() {
//Initialization for all Animals
}
//Function and properties shared by all instances of Animal
Animal.prototype.init=function(name){
this.name=name;
}
Animal.prototype.say=function(){
alert(this.name + " who is a " + this.type + " says " + this.whattosay);
}
Animal.prototype.type="unknown";
function Cat(name) {
this.init(name);
//Make a cat somewhat unique
var s="";
for (var i=Math.ceil(Math.random()*7); i>=0; --i) s+="e";
this.whattosay="Me" + s +"ow";
}
//Function and properties shared by all instances of Cat
Cat.prototype=new Animal();
Cat.prototype.type="cat";
Cat.prototype.whattosay="meow";
function Dog() {
//Call init with same arguments as Dog was called with
this.init.apply(this,arguments);
}
Dog.prototype=new Animal();
Dog.prototype.type="Dog";
Dog.prototype.whattosay="bark";
//Override say.
Dog.prototype.say = function() {
this.openMouth();
//Call the original with the exact same arguments
Animal.prototype.say.apply(this,arguments);
//or with other arguments
//Animal.prototype.say.call(this,"some","other","arguments");
this.closeMouth();
}
Dog.prototype.openMouth=function() {
//Code
}
Dog.prototype.closeMouth=function() {
//Code
}
var dog = new Dog("Fido");
var cat1 = new Cat("Dash");
var cat2 = new Cat("Dot");
dog.say(); // Fido the Dog says bark
cat1.say(); //Dash the Cat says M[e]+ow
cat2.say(); //Dot the Cat says M[e]+ow
alert(cat instanceof Cat) // True
alert(cat instanceof Dog) // False
alert(cat instanceof Animal) // True
whattosay
在动物中未定义),并且该答案显然要求如果建议的答案是发问者在寻找什么。它没有声称为javascript中的抽象类提供解决方案。发问者没有打扰我或其他人,所以我不知道它是否对他有用。如果对别人的问题提出的五年建议答案对您没有帮助,我感到抱歉。
您可能想查看Dean Edwards的基础课程:http : //dean.edwards.name/weblog/2006/03/base/
另外,也有Douglas Crockford撰写的有关JavaScript中的经典继承的示例/文章:http : //www.crockford.com/javascript/inheritance.html
是否可以在JavaScript中模拟抽象基类?
当然。在JavaScript中有大约一千种方法来实现类/实例系统。这是一个:
// Classes magic. Define a new class with var C= Object.subclass(isabstract),
// add class members to C.prototype,
// provide optional C.prototype._init() method to initialise from constructor args,
// call base class methods using Base.prototype.call(this, ...).
//
Function.prototype.subclass= function(isabstract) {
if (isabstract) {
var c= new Function(
'if (arguments[0]!==Function.prototype.subclass.FLAG) throw(\'Abstract class may not be constructed\'); '
);
} else {
var c= new Function(
'if (!(this instanceof arguments.callee)) throw(\'Constructor called without "new"\'); '+
'if (arguments[0]!==Function.prototype.subclass.FLAG && this._init) this._init.apply(this, arguments); '
);
}
if (this!==Object)
c.prototype= new this(Function.prototype.subclass.FLAG);
return c;
}
Function.prototype.subclass.FLAG= new Object();
var cat = new Animal('cat');
当然,那并不是真正的抽象基类。您的意思是:
var Animal= Object.subclass(true); // is abstract
Animal.prototype.say= function() {
window.alert(this._noise);
};
// concrete classes
var Cat= Animal.subclass();
Cat.prototype._noise= 'meow';
var Dog= Animal.subclass();
Dog.prototype._noise= 'bark';
// usage
var mycat= new Cat();
mycat.say(); // meow!
var mygiraffe= new Animal(); // error!
Animal = function () { throw "abstract class!" }
Animal.prototype.name = "This animal";
Animal.prototype.sound = "...";
Animal.prototype.say = function() {
console.log( this.name + " says: " + this.sound );
}
Cat = function () {
this.name = "Cat";
this.sound = "meow";
}
Dog = function() {
this.name = "Dog";
this.sound = "woof";
}
Cat.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Dog.prototype = Object.create(Animal.prototype);
new Cat().say(); //Cat says: meow
new Dog().say(); //Dog says: woof
new Animal().say(); //Uncaught abstract class!
function Animal(type) {
if (type == "cat") {
this.__proto__ = Cat.prototype;
} else if (type == "dog") {
this.__proto__ = Dog.prototype;
} else if (type == "fish") {
this.__proto__ = Fish.prototype;
}
}
Animal.prototype.say = function() {
alert("This animal can't speak!");
}
function Cat() {
// init cat
}
Cat.prototype = new Animal();
Cat.prototype.say = function() {
alert("Meow!");
}
function Dog() {
// init dog
}
Dog.prototype = new Animal();
Dog.prototype.say = function() {
alert("Bark!");
}
function Fish() {
// init fish
}
Fish.prototype = new Animal();
var newAnimal = new Animal("dog");
newAnimal.say();
不能保证这样工作 __proto__
它不是标准变量,但至少在Firefox和Safari中有效。
如果您不了解其工作原理,请阅读原型链。
setPrototypeOf
,我的代码还没有方法。
您可以使用对象原型创建抽象类,一个简单的示例如下:
var SampleInterface = {
addItem : function(item){}
}
您可以更改上面的方法,也可以不更改,这取决于您实现它。有关详细的观察,您可能想要访问这里。
问题已经很老了,但是我创建了一些可能的解决方案,如何创建抽象的“类”并阻止创建该类型的对象。
//our Abstract class
var Animal=function(){
this.name="Animal";
this.fullname=this.name;
//check if we have abstract paramater in prototype
if (Object.getPrototypeOf(this).hasOwnProperty("abstract")){
throw new Error("Can't instantiate abstract class!");
}
};
//very important - Animal prototype has property abstract
Animal.prototype.abstract=true;
Animal.prototype.hello=function(){
console.log("Hello from "+this.name);
};
Animal.prototype.fullHello=function(){
console.log("Hello from "+this.fullname);
};
//first inheritans
var Cat=function(){
Animal.call(this);//run constructor of animal
this.name="Cat";
this.fullname=this.fullname+" - "+this.name;
};
Cat.prototype=Object.create(Animal.prototype);
//second inheritans
var Tiger=function(){
Cat.call(this);//run constructor of animal
this.name="Tiger";
this.fullname=this.fullname+" - "+this.name;
};
Tiger.prototype=Object.create(Cat.prototype);
//cat can be used
console.log("WE CREATE CAT:");
var cat=new Cat();
cat.hello();
cat.fullHello();
//tiger can be used
console.log("WE CREATE TIGER:");
var tiger=new Tiger();
tiger.hello();
tiger.fullHello();
console.log("WE CREATE ANIMAL ( IT IS ABSTRACT ):");
//animal is abstract, cannot be used - see error in console
var animal=new Animal();
animal=animal.fullHello();
如您所见,最后一个对象给了我们错误,这是因为原型中的Animal具有property abstract
。可以肯定的是,Animal.prototype
我不是原型链中的动物。
Object.getPrototypeOf(this).hasOwnProperty("abstract")
因此,我检查了最接近的原型对象是否具有abstract
属性,只有直接从Animal
原型创建的对象才具有true的条件。函数hasOwnProperty
仅检查当前对象的属性,而不检查其原型,因此这可以使我们100%确保此处的属性不在原型链中声明。
从Object派生的每个对象都继承hasOwnProperty方法。此方法可用于确定对象是否具有指定属性作为该对象的直接属性;与in运算符不同,此方法不会检查对象的原型链。关于它的更多信息:
在我的建议中,我们不必像@Jordão的当前最佳答案中那样constructor
每次都进行更改Object.create
。
解决方案还允许在层次结构中创建许多抽象类,我们只需要abstract
在原型中创建属性。
您可能要强制执行的另一件事是确保未实例化抽象类。您可以通过定义一个充当FLAG函数的函数来实现这一目的,该函数被设置为Abstract类构造函数。然后,这将尝试构造FLAG,该FLAG将调用其包含抛出异常的构造函数。下面的例子:
(function(){
var FLAG_ABSTRACT = function(__class){
throw "Error: Trying to instantiate an abstract class:"+__class
}
var Class = function (){
Class.prototype.constructor = new FLAG_ABSTRACT("Class");
}
//will throw exception
var foo = new Class();
})()
Factory
在这种情况下,我们可以使用设计模式。使用Java prototype
来继承父级的成员。
定义父类的构造函数。
var Animal = function() {
this.type = 'animal';
return this;
}
Animal.prototype.tired = function() {
console.log('sleeping: zzzZZZ ~');
}
然后创建儿童班。
// These are the child classes
Animal.cat = function() {
this.type = 'cat';
this.says = function() {
console.log('says: meow');
}
}
然后定义子类的构造函数。
// Define the child class constructor -- Factory Design Pattern.
Animal.born = function(type) {
// Inherit all members and methods from parent class,
// and also keep its own members.
Animal[type].prototype = new Animal();
// Square bracket notation can deal with variable object.
creature = new Animal[type]();
return creature;
}
测试一下。
var timmy = Animal.born('cat');
console.log(timmy.type) // cat
timmy.says(); // meow
timmy.tired(); // zzzZZZ~
这是完整示例代码的Codepen链接。
//Your Abstract class Animal
function Animal(type) {
this.say = type.say;
}
function catClass() {
this.say = function () {
console.log("I am a cat!")
}
}
function dogClass() {
this.say = function () {
console.log("I am a dog!")
}
}
var cat = new Animal(new catClass());
var dog = new Animal(new dogClass());
cat.say(); //I am a cat!
dog.say(); //I am a dog!
我认为所有那些答案特别是前两个(由 some和jordão)用常规的原型基础JS概念清楚地回答了这个问题。
现在,当您希望动物类构造函数根据传递给构造的参数进行操作时,我认为这与Creational Patterns
例如Factory Pattern的基本行为非常相似 。
在这里,我采取了一些方法使其工作正常。
var Animal = function(type) {
this.type=type;
if(type=='dog')
{
return new Dog();
}
else if(type=="cat")
{
return new Cat();
}
};
Animal.prototype.whoAreYou=function()
{
console.log("I am a "+this.type);
}
Animal.prototype.say = function(){
console.log("Not implemented");
};
var Cat =function () {
Animal.call(this);
this.type="cat";
};
Cat.prototype=Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Cat.prototype.constructor = Cat;
Cat.prototype.say=function()
{
console.log("meow");
}
var Dog =function () {
Animal.call(this);
this.type="dog";
};
Dog.prototype=Object.create(Animal.prototype);
Dog.prototype.constructor = Dog;
Dog.prototype.say=function()
{
console.log("bark");
}
var animal=new Animal();
var dog = new Animal('dog');
var cat=new Animal('cat');
animal.whoAreYou(); //I am a undefined
animal.say(); //Not implemented
dog.whoAreYou(); //I am a dog
dog.say(); //bark
cat.whoAreYou(); //I am a cat
cat.say(); //meow
Animal
构造函数可以看作是反模式,超类不应该了解子类。(违反了Liskov和Open / Close原则)
/****************************************/
/* version 1 */
/****************************************/
var Animal = function(params) {
this.say = function()
{
console.log(params);
}
};
var Cat = function() {
Animal.call(this, "moes");
};
var Dog = function() {
Animal.call(this, "vewa");
};
var cat = new Cat();
var dog = new Dog();
cat.say();
dog.say();
/****************************************/
/* version 2 */
/****************************************/
var Cat = function(params) {
this.say = function()
{
console.log(params);
}
};
var Dog = function(params) {
this.say = function()
{
console.log(params);
}
};
var Animal = function(type) {
var obj;
var factory = function()
{
switch(type)
{
case "cat":
obj = new Cat("bark");
break;
case "dog":
obj = new Dog("meow");
break;
}
}
var init = function()
{
factory();
return obj;
}
return init();
};
var cat = new Animal('cat');
var dog = new Animal('dog');
cat.say();
dog.say();
如果要确保您的基类及其成员严格都是抽象的,请参见以下基类:
class AbstractBase{
constructor(){}
checkConstructor(c){
if(this.constructor!=c) return;
throw new Error(`Abstract class ${this.constructor.name} cannot be instantiated`);
}
throwAbstract(){
throw new Error(`${this.constructor.name} must implement abstract member`);}
}
class FooBase extends AbstractBase{
constructor(){
super();
this.checkConstructor(FooBase)}
doStuff(){this.throwAbstract();}
doOtherStuff(){this.throwAbstract();}
}
class FooBar extends FooBase{
constructor(){
super();}
doOtherStuff(){/*some code here*/;}
}
var fooBase = new FooBase(); //<- Error: Abstract class FooBase cannot be instantiated
var fooBar = new FooBar(); //<- OK
fooBar.doStuff(); //<- Error: FooBar must implement abstract member
fooBar.doOtherStuff(); //<- OK
严格模式使得不可能将调用者记录在throwAbstract方法中,但是该错误应该在显示堆栈跟踪的调试环境中发生。