注意:此问题先前已关闭为题外。您可以阅读讨论内容。我在这里询问的原因是:
- 该驱动器位于赞比亚农村地区学校的脱机内容缓存服务器中。
- 服务器是从磁盘映像创建的,所有内容都是可替换的。
- 它必须便宜,因为赞比亚的学校预算有限,而且会有很多。
- 它也必须可靠,因为在恶劣的道路上每次更换可能需要8个小时。
- 在这里,我不允许问哪些驱动器不是“超低价垃圾”。
- 因此,我们正在对满足这些条件的驱动器进行自己的研究和实验。
- 我无法通过覆盖坏扇区(自动重新分配)来修复坏扇区,这违背了我的假设,我想知道为什么。
- 我以为“安全擦除”可能会修复坏道,但是在我浪费掉硬盘之前,想征询其他人的意见。
- 我以为我可能错过了SMART数据中可能预知失败的信息。
这是一个Kingston 240GB SSD磁盘,在现场可以正常工作约3个月,并且突然出现了坏道:
smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [i686-linux-3.2.20-net6501-121115-1cw] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: KINGSTON SVP200S3240G
Serial Number: 50026B7228010E5C
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0026b7 228010e5c
Firmware Version: 502ABBF0
User Capacity: 240,057,409,536 bytes [240 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ACS-2 revision 3
Local Time is: Tue Mar 5 17:10:24 2013 CAT
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x02) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 48) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x0021) SCT Status supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 084 084 050 Pre-fail Always - 10965286670575
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 003 Pre-fail Always - 16
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 46823733462185
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 127
171 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 0
172 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 0
174 Unknown_Attribute 0x0030 000 000 000 Old_age Offline - 131
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0000 000 000 000 Old_age Offline - 1
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 0
187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 49900
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 033 078 000 Old_age Always - 33 (Min/Max 21/78)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001c 120 120 000 Old_age Offline - 235163887
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0033 100 100 003 Pre-fail Always - 16
201 Soft_Read_Error_Rate 0x001c 120 120 000 Old_age Offline - 235163887
204 Soft_ECC_Correction 0x001c 120 120 000 Old_age Offline - 235163887
230 Head_Amplitude 0x0013 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 100
231 Temperature_Celsius 0x0013 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
233 Media_Wearout_Indicator 0x0000 000 000 000 Old_age Offline - 363
234 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 208
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 208
242 Total_LBAs_Read 0x0032 000 000 000 Old_age Always - 1001
SMART Error Log not supported
SMART Self-test Log not supported
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
现在,我在磁盘上的某些位置出现了坏块:
root@iPad2:~# badblocks /dev/sda -v
Checking blocks 0 to 234431063
Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): 8394752 done, 1:15 elapsed
8394756 done, 1:21 elapsed
8394757 done, 1:23 elapsed
8394758 done, 1:24 elapsed
8394759 done, 1:27 elapsed
...
190882871one, 29:49 elapsed
190882888one, 29:53 elapsed
190882889one, 29:54 elapsed
190882890one, 29:56 elapsed
190882891one, 29:58 elapsed
done
Pass completed, 80 bad blocks found.
它们似乎是可重复的,并且自动重新分配失败,因此无法通过写入以下内容来解决:
root@iPad2:~# badblocks /dev/sda -wvf 8394756 8394756
/dev/sda is apparently in use by the system; badblocks forced anyway.
Checking for bad blocks in read-write mode
From block 8394756 to 8394756
Testing with pattern 0xaa: 8394756
done
Reading and comparing: done
Testing with pattern 0x55: done
Reading and comparing: done
Testing with pattern 0xff: done
Reading and comparing: done
Testing with pattern 0x00: done
Reading and comparing: done
Pass completed, 1 bad blocks found.
而且我在系统日志中收到这样的错误:
ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x1 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000000
ata1.00: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED
ata1.00: cmd 60/08:00:08:30:00/00:00:01:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 4096 in
res 51/40:08:08:30:00/00:00:01:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
ata1.00: error: { UNC }
ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Unhandled sense code
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Sense Key : Medium Error [current] [descriptor]
Descriptor sense data with sense descriptors (in hex):
72 03 11 04 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
01 00 30 08
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read error - auto reallocate failed
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 01 00 30 08 00 00 08 00
end_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 16789512
Buffer I/O error on device sda, logical block 2098689
ata1: EH complete
现在,我不明白为什么此磁盘上的自动重新分配失败。在smartctl
输出都看起来好像没什么问题。仅重新分配了16个扇区,数量并不多。我看不出该驱动器拒绝重新分配扇区的任何合理原因。这种型号的SSD刚刚损坏或设计不良吗?
笔记:
- 根据Kingston的文档,属性174是“意外的功率损耗”。
- 131意外的功率损耗是相当糟糕的。
- 属性187(Reported_Uncorrect)为49900(可能的最大值为65535)
- 最高温度高达78'C
金士顿在此驱动器上隐藏了最有趣的SMART计数器。但是我们可以从属性196推断出备用扇区的数量。Reallocated_Event_Count,其归一化值具有以下公式:
100 -(100* RBC / MRC)
RBC = Retired Block Count (Grown)
MRE = Maximum reallocation count
由于归一化值为100,这意味着RBC << MRE,所以我们距离用尽所有可用扇区进行重新分配还差得很远。