在高可用性软件RAID 1服务器上使用smartd（在smartmontools中）监视磁盘运行状况

我有三个相同的SATA / 600 3TB硬盘的服务器：/dev/sda，/dev/sdb，/dev/sdc。使用GPT对驱动器进行分区，每个分区具有三个分区：

• 1 MB：引导加载程序的保留分区
• 1 GB：RAID1 / dev / md0（ext2（/ boot））
• 3 TB：RAID1 / dev / md1（加密卷（LVM（卷组（Swap，/，/ etc，/ home ...））））

三个驱动器之一是热备用，另外两个在RAID集中处于活动状态。它工作正常，并且在断开任何单个HDD的连接后就可以启动。我想使用smartd（smartmontools的一部分）来监视驱动器的运行状况，并向syslog报告错误（我使用logcheck对其进行监视）。该服务器应具有尽可能高的可用性，但是在测试过程中降低性能是可以接受的。

这是输出smartctl -a /dev/sda：

smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.2.0-4-amd64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model:     WDC WD30EZRX-00MMMB0
Serial Number:    WD-WMAWZ0412093
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 2b19fbdcd
Firmware Version: 80.00A80
User Capacity:    3,000,592,982,016 bytes [3.00 TB]
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Device is:        Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is:   8
ATA Standard is:  Exact ATA specification draft version not indicated
Local Time is:    Fri Sep 27 15:37:25 2013 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x82) Offline data collection activity
                    was completed without error.
                    Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                    without error or no self-test has ever 
                    been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:        (50280) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:            (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                    Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                    Suspend Offline collection upon new
                    command.
                    Offline surface scan supported.
                    Self-test supported.
                    Conveyance Self-test supported.
                    Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                    power-saving mode.
                    Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                    General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:    (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:    ( 255) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities:          (0x3035) SCT Status supported.
                    SCT Feature Control supported.
                    SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   200   200   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0027   148   148   021    Pre-fail  Always       -       9575
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       95
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   200   200   140    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       820
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       93
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       65
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   196   196   000    Old_age   Always       -       12824
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   119   116   000    Old_age   Always       -       33
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0008   200   200   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0

SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%       787         -
# 2  Extended offline    Completed without error       00%       727         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

似乎支持离线测试。当我发出时smartctl -o on，smartctl -c表明Offline data collection status已设置为(0x82)。如果我发出smartctl -o off相同的值，则成为(0x02)。

我已成立了smartd通过设置在服务器启动start_smartd=yes在/etc/default/smartmontools。您如何建议我通过编辑/etc/smartd.conf为此服务器配置smartd ？请描述您使用的每个参数，以及为什么使用它。

我将添加当前设置作为答案。随意将其用作基础，并根据自己的回答进行改进。使用相同设置的更好描述也将有所改进！

我们已将所有服务器配置为运行常规自检，其中包含以下行/etc/smartd.conf：

# DEVICESCAN matches all hard disks found in /dev/ and applies the following
# options to them.
#
# Default options from Debian:
# -d removable     don't exit when the device when a device vanishes
# -n standby       don't wake a device up that is sleeping
# -m root          send error reports to root
# -M exec ...      pipe the mail through that script
#
# Our options:
# -s L/../02/./17  run a long selftest on every 2nd of every month
#                  at 17 o'clock
DEVICESCAN -d removable -n standby -m root -M exec /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd-runner -s L/../02/./17

自检是IMO提供的最可靠的健康检查方法。

编辑：

您能解释一下-d removable吗？

来自man smartd.conf：

          removable - the device or its media is  removable.   This  indi‐
          cates  to  smartd  that  it should continue (instead of exiting,
          which is the default behavior) if the device does not appear  to
          be  present  when smartd is started.  This Directive may be used
          in conjunction with the other ´-d´ Directives.

我认为smartd当被监视的磁盘之一消失时，它可以防止死...？我不确定，我只是将-s L/../02/./17零件添加到该行中。原始行：

DEVICESCAN -d removable -n standby -m root -M exec /usr/share/smartmontools/smartd-runner

是Debian的默认设置。

我从长时间的自测切换到select,cont测试。这就像长时间的自检，但是一次只包含一个磁盘片。因此，尽管长时间的自检可能需要一天的时间（如果使用其他繁忙的3TB磁盘），则选择性测试可以在服务器最不繁忙且实际完成时的每个晚上运行，而不会在更繁忙的时间内损害性能。

因此，基本上，您将每月对整个磁盘进行一次长时间的自我测试，而进行一次夜间选择性测试，该测试在一个月的时间内仍覆盖整个磁盘。

尽管这需要一些准备。

• smartd必须与该--savestates选项一起运行，因为磁盘本身通常不跟踪最后测试的区域。
• 您必须手动启动第一个选择性自检（-t select,0-$size），这样smartd才能知道每天要测试的切片大小。大小确定测试将花费多长时间以及跨整个磁盘多少天。
• 确保选择的$ size与磁盘大小对齐。否则，您可能会冒最后一个分片很小的风险（最坏的情况是，您浪费一天的时间仅测试磁盘的单个扇区）。
• 您必须验证此信息确实将其保存到savestates文件中，因为有时它并没有保存，然后测试将无法按照您想要的方式运行。（也可以直接编辑savestate文件）。
• 该smartd.conf文件的语法为-s c/../.././01（在此示例中，它将每天凌晨1点运行）。

一旦完成，该过程将是自动且可靠的。一旦到达磁盘末尾，它将在第二天开始时自动开始。阅读smartctl有关select,cont测试的手册。

尽管长期测试或选择性测试很棒，但您可能仍应运行短期测试或整体评估测试。他们只需要很短的时间，就可以帮助发现一般问题。

我通常使用此简单检查，该检查是针对每个驱动器而不是针对每个系统进行全局定义的（带DEVICESCAN选件）-我对SMART的总体运行状况以及自上次SMART测试以来是否存在任何未决的扇区重新分配和任何故障的扇区感兴趣。任何可疑事件都会邮寄到我的智能全部接收地址，然后：

/dev/sda -H -C 0 -U 0 -m smart@domain.tld

在某些系统上，我定义了自动在特定日期运行SMART自检。该规范定义在午夜后的每个星期日对两个驱动器进行长时间测试（但不能同时进行-在午夜至凌晨1点之间，然后从凌晨2点开始）：

/dev/sda -a -s L/../../7/00 -m smart@domain.tld
/dev/sdb -a -s L/../../7/02 -m smart@domain.tld

# DEVICESCAN      For all disks with SMART capabilities.
#
# -o off          Turn off automatic running of offline tests. An offline test
#                 is a test which may degrade performance.
#
# -n standby      Do not spin up the disk for the periodic 30 minute (default)
#                 SMART status polling, instead wait until the disk is active
#                 again and poll it then.
#
# -W 2            Report temperature changes of at least 2 degrees celsius since
#                 the last reading. Also report if a new min/max temperature is
#                 detected.
#
# -S on           Auto save attributes such as how long the disk has been powered
#                 on, min and max disk temperature.
#
# -s (L/../.[02468]/1/04|S/../.[13579]/1/04)
#     '-------a--------' '--------b-------'
#
#                 a: Long test on    even monday mornings at 04:00
#                 b: Short test on uneven monday mornings at 04:00

DEVICESCAN -o off -n standby -W 2 -S on -s (L/../.[02468]/1/04|S/../.[13579]/1/04)